Thesis AISLADORES ELASTOMERICOS ANULARES A ESCALA REDUCIDA
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Date
2017
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
CONSTRUCCIÓN CIVIL
Campus
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Tras el terremoto del año 2010 en Chile creció el interés por incorporar sistemas de aislación sísmica en proyectos de construcción; así como también por saber más acerca de su comportamiento, considerando las características propias de los terremotos chilenos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una técnica de fabricación de aisladores sísmicos elastoméricos anulares a escala reducida para uso en ensayos de modelos de edificios en una mesa de simulación de terremotos, reincorporando de esta manera los ensayos de sistemas de aislación sísmica a las actividades del laboratorio de ingeniería sismorresistente de la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María.Los aisladores sísmicos elastoméricos con sección transversal anular se encuentran constituidos por capas intercaladas de caucho natural y metal adheridas entre sí. Estos contienen en el centro una perforación cilíndrica que ayuda a controlar sus propiedades de rigidez y estabilidad respecto a cargas verticales. Dicha perforación puede usarse para incluir un núcleo de plomo que aumente el amortiguamiento del sistema, aunque para efectos de este trabajo se dejó vacía.Se realizaron pruebas para determinar el módulo de Poisson y el módulo de elasticidad de diversas muestras de caucho natural, con el propósito de identificar un material con las características adecuadas para fabricar los aisladores. Posteriormente, estos fueron sometidos a ensayos para determinar sus capacidades de carga y rigidez horizontal.Para probar el sistema se construyeron diversas estructuras de dos pisos de vigas y columnas de perfilería metálica con arriostramientos diagonales, observando su comportamiento en la mesa de simulación de terremotos del laboratorio de Ingeniería Sismorresistente. Estas fueron sometidas al registro del sismo de Viña del Mar de 1985 para ambos casos: con y sin aisladores sísmicos. El corte basal fue obtenido a través de una plataforma de medición desarrollada en una memoria paralela. Además, las estructuras se instrumentaron con transductores LVDT y acelerómetros. Toda la experiencia fue filmada para documentar los ensayos en detalle.El sistema de aislación funcionó según lo esperado, observando durante los ensayos que: para el caso con aislación sísmica, el sistema logró una importante reducción de las aceleraciones del sismo en la estructura y la fuerza de corte asociada, mientras que al retirar los dispositivos de aislación y someter el sistema al mismo registro, se observó un incremento considerable de estas, lo que conlleva un importante daño estructural localizado principalmente en las diagonales, llegando en algunos casos al colapso total de la estructura.
After 2010 earthquake, seismic isolation systems for buildings became a topic of greatest interest in Chile. Elastomeric isolators are being frequently used in hospitals and even in some residential buildings. Also, research about the earthquake behavior of seismic isolated buildings is increasing in number and quality. In this work a technique for making small hollow circular elastomeric isolators is developed, which are going to be used in seismic isolation systems for scale model of different kinds of structures.Elastomeric actuators are composed of interleaved rubber layers and steel plates. They offer little resistance to shearing by virtue of the low shear modulus of rubber. However, they are capable of withstanding high compressive loads with small axial deformations as a result of the large bulk modulus of rubber and its confinement provided by the steel plates. Because their low horizontal stiffness, the seismic isolation system shifts the natural frequency of the structure to low values. To get good results, these values must be considerably lower than any important frequency associated to the expected earthquake.In this work, annular transverse section was chose for isolators to facilitate control of stability and stiffness properties. A lead core could have being added to improve damping, but in this case this was considered unnecessary.Samples of rubber from different suppliers around the area were collected and tested to select the best material and, after building the isolators, they were used in several different 1/10 scale structures, which were subjected to simulated earthquakes on the shaking table of the Civil Engineering Department. The same structures were tested without isolators afterwards.It was found that isolated structures did not suffer any damage during the tests, on the contrary, some of the non-isolated structures collapsed. Consequently, measurements of shear base and accelerations on different points of the structures showed that seismic isolation reduces considerably values of both variables.
After 2010 earthquake, seismic isolation systems for buildings became a topic of greatest interest in Chile. Elastomeric isolators are being frequently used in hospitals and even in some residential buildings. Also, research about the earthquake behavior of seismic isolated buildings is increasing in number and quality. In this work a technique for making small hollow circular elastomeric isolators is developed, which are going to be used in seismic isolation systems for scale model of different kinds of structures.Elastomeric actuators are composed of interleaved rubber layers and steel plates. They offer little resistance to shearing by virtue of the low shear modulus of rubber. However, they are capable of withstanding high compressive loads with small axial deformations as a result of the large bulk modulus of rubber and its confinement provided by the steel plates. Because their low horizontal stiffness, the seismic isolation system shifts the natural frequency of the structure to low values. To get good results, these values must be considerably lower than any important frequency associated to the expected earthquake.In this work, annular transverse section was chose for isolators to facilitate control of stability and stiffness properties. A lead core could have being added to improve damping, but in this case this was considered unnecessary.Samples of rubber from different suppliers around the area were collected and tested to select the best material and, after building the isolators, they were used in several different 1/10 scale structures, which were subjected to simulated earthquakes on the shaking table of the Civil Engineering Department. The same structures were tested without isolators afterwards.It was found that isolated structures did not suffer any damage during the tests, on the contrary, some of the non-isolated structures collapsed. Consequently, measurements of shear base and accelerations on different points of the structures showed that seismic isolation reduces considerably values of both variables.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
DISPOSITIVOS DE AISLACION SISMICA, INGENIERIA SISMORRESISTENTE, INSTRUMENTACION PARA ENSAYOS SISMICOS, MESA SISMICA, MODELOS A ESCALA REDUCIDA