Thesis Propuesta y evaluación económica para sistema de gestión de seguridad para contraladores de tránsito aéreo.
Loading...
Date
2006
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería en Aviación Comercial
Campus
Abstract
Debido a la falta de estandarización en los servicios de tránsito aéreo, el factor humano corresponde a la causa más influyente de incidentes por lo que entregarán las bases para el diseño del sistema de gestión de la seguridad para los servicios de control de tránsito aéreo buscando un punto de equilibrio entre la inversión de la seguridad y la rentabilidad en la operación de la misma. Antes de introducirse en este punto se realiza un marco teórico del tema de la seguridad, este tÛpico es una variable dependiente de cuatro factores, que entre si son independientes (máquina, programas, factor humano, ambiente), pero que al interrelacionarse forman un sistema, para el caso analizado, el sistema aeronáutico, siendo el factor más influyente en la actualidad el agente humano, en un porcentaje de error cercano al 10%. El error humano en Chile corresponde estadísticamente a un 69% de las causas en los accidentes de aviación.
A partir de 1944 y la formación de OACI (Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional) se ha fomentado la seguridad a través de reglamentos, y es el documento 4444, donde se comienza a armar un sistema de gestión de la seguridad basado en la interacción entre el factor humano y el resto de las componentes del sistema, dejando como plazo límite el año 2008 para su implementación y funcionamiento, teniendo cada estado que cumplir los estándares propuestos. El análisis de estas contribuciones se hacen desde la metodología SHELL, modificado por Hawkins en 1975, pero para lograr una mejor comprensión organizacional de los riesgos latentes se puede desarrollar el modelamiento de Rea son (1990), este explica de mejor manera el comportamiento de los accidentes en las organizaciones, viendo a la organización desde la alta gerencia hasta el operario en la línea.
Es así como las actividades de los controladores de tránsito aéreo poseen un nivel de seguridad basado en la entrega de su servicio, el cual se ha mantenido bajo programas basado en la capacitación y en la evaluación de procedimientos, principios que rigen el actual manejo de seguridad. Actualmente el indicador de incidentes por causa de los controladores de tránsito aéreo es de un 21,27% del total de incidentes en el sistema de aviación nacional, no alcanzando su meta del 20%, terminado este indicador en el año 2005 sobre este 20%.
A través del análisis de riesgo, basado en la metodología SHELL y el modelo de Reason, se observa fallas en coordinación entre dependencias y la aplicación de procedimientos del controlador basado en la falta de conocimiento o por la modificación de estos, otro factor que contribuye es la falta de atención por parte de quien controla. El nivel de riesgo en los servicios de control de tránsito aéreo cuyo nivel ascendió a 1,85E- 06 lo cual no es comparable, puesto que no existe un historial de este indicador, pero se presume aceptable ya que depende principalmente de los hechos analizados y su ubicación en la matriz de riesgo.
A partir de esto se pueden realizar modificación en la organización para poder dar un paso hacia el sistema de gestión de la seguridad basado en cuatro líneas de acción: organigrama funcional del sistema, conexión con el sistema de gestión de la calidad, bases de datos, mantenimiento y retroalimentación. Acciones que pretenden entregar soluciones en conjunto y de manera sistemática a los problemas descritos anteriormente. Estos puntos pueden ser implementados en un plazo no superior a 3 años los cuales se subdividen en 3 etapas (preparación organizacional, prueba e implementación de ajustes) basadas en las actividades preponderantes de acuerdo a las líneas de acción de la propuesta de implementación.
Considerando que la evaluación económica de la propuesta presentada se realiza a través de metodología de costos diferenciales, entregando como ingreso el ahorro que aportar· este sistema de gestión de la seguridad. De esta manera se evalúa en un horizonte de quince años entregando una inversión total de 2.294 [UF] entregable en tres plazos anuales siendo la primera de 898 [UF], en donde se consideran las capacitaciones de difusión y preparación hacia los ejecutivos de mejora continua. Mientras que los ingresos totales hacienden a 5136,5 [UF] calculable como la diferencia entre los incidentes que ocurrirían con una tasa constante e idéntica a la actual versus la cantidad de incidentes que se obtendrían a partir de la disminución de esta tasa (hasta un 5%), causada por la gestión que permite el sistema.
Se evalúa el proyecto con una tasa de descuento de un 5%, la cual puede ser modificable, pero la propuesta no entregar· una tasa mayor al 8%, mientras los beneficios reportados contra los costos están en un razón de un 1,363. La inversión realizada se devolver· en un plazo no superior a los 11 años. Se demuestra que el sistema es eficiente entre la relación inversión/seguridad pues es capaz de disminuir la cantidad de incidentes, con ello disminuyendo su probabilidad de ocurrencia desde ocasional hasta remoto, permitiendo gestionar el indicador tasa de incidentes por debajo del 20%, esta eficiencia no es constante teniendo un máximo en el décimo periodo de evaluación, año en el que el retorno de la inversión es completa. Los indicadores poseen una elasticidad con las variables de costos por hora igual a 3,755 para el VAN, 1,38 para la TIR y 1 para la razón beneficio/costo, demostrando que esta variable es directamente proporcional a la rentabilidad del sistema, mientras el retorno de la inversión no supera los 11 años en el mejor de los casos analizados ni sobrepasa los 12 para el peor. Para la relación entre la cantidad de los incidentes con el sistema y los indicadores del proyecto las elasticidades obtenidas son -3,17 para el VAN, -1,305 para la TIR, -0,844 para la razón beneficio/costo, mientras que la retribución de la inversión se mueve entre los 10 años a los 12 de acuerdo al caso analizado, marcando el rango de evaluación del sistema.
Por lo expuesto el sistema de gestión de la seguridad operacional es factible organizacionalmente y económicamente rentable dentro de los plazos mencionados.
Due to the lack of standardization on the air traffic services, the human factor is the main cause of incidents which is the reason why it will deliver the bases for the design of the security system management for air traffic and control services, looking for a balance point between security investment and profitability of the operation it self. Before introducing to this point, a theoretical setting on security was made, this topic is a dependent variable of four factors, which are independent among them selves (machines, programs, human factors and environment), but when they interact they also become a system, in this case the aeronautical system, where the most influential factor is the human agent, in a percentage near to 10%. The human error in Chile statistically concerns to the 69% of the causes of aviation accidents. Since 1944 and the establishment of the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) security has been promoted trough regulations, and it.s the document 4444, where a security management system is set based on the interaction between the human factor and the rest of the system components, with a deadline in 2008 for implementation and the operation, having to fulfil the standards suggested. This contribution.s analysis it is made from the Shell methodology, modified by Hawkins in 1975, but in order to achieve a better organizational comprehension of the present risk a Reason Model (1990) should be developed, this explain in a better way the behavior of the accidents at the organizations, viewing the organization from the senior management all the way to the last worker. This is how the activities of the air traffic controllers have a security level based on the delivery of their service, which it as been kept under programs based on training and evaluation proceedings, principles that rule the security handling. Nowadays the incident indicator caused by air traffic controllers is a 21.27% out of the total of incidents of the national aviation system, not reaching its goal of 20%, ending up above the 20% by 2005. Through the risk analysis, based on the Shell methodology and the Reason model, failures concerning coordination between dependence and the application of the controller.s procedures were observed, based on the lack of knowledge or modification of them, another factor that contributes is the lack of attention by who.s controlling. The risk level of the air traffic control services, whose level raised to 1.85E-06, which is not comparable, because there is no track of this indicator, but it.s presumed as acceptable since it mainly depends on the analyzed facts and their location on the risk array. From this point on, the organization can be modified in order to give a step forward towards the security management system based on four lines of action: the system.s functional organization chart, connection to the quality management system, data base, maintenance and feedback. Actions that pretend provide solutions as a whole and in a systematic way to the problems described previously. This points can be implemented with a time limit no longer than three years, which is subdivided in three stages (organizational preparation, testing and implementation adjustments) based on the preponderant activities according to the lines of action proposed on the implementation. Considering that the proposal.s economic evaluation presented is done through the methodology of differential costs, delivering as an income the savings that this system will provide to the security management system. In this way a fifteen year horizon is evaluated, delivering a total inversion of 2.294 [UF] with an installment plan of three payments of 898 [UF] each, where diffusion training and preparation towards the continuous improvement executives are included. While the total incomes are above 5136,5 [UF], calculated as the difference between the incidents that will occur at a constant rate and exactly the same as the current one versus the amount of incidents that would occur because of the drop of this rate (until to 5%), caused by the management allowed by the system. The project is evaluated with a discount rate of a 5%, which can be modified, but the offer won.t deliver a greater rate than 8%, while the reported benefits against the costs are in a rate of a 1,363. The investment required will be returned with a deadline of 11 years. It is proved that the system is efficient in the rate investment/security because it.s able of lowing the amount of accidents, which lowers the chances of frequency from occasional to remote, allowing to administer the incident rate below 20%, this efficiency isn.t constant having a maximum at the tenth period of evaluation, year in which the investment return is completed. The indicators have elasticity with the costs variable by the hour equal to 3,755 for VAN, 1,38 for TIR and 1 for the rate benefit/cost, proving that this variable is directly proportional to the system.s profitability, while the investment return doesn.t exceed 11 years in the best analyzed scene and doesn.t exceed 12 years for the worse. For the relation among the amount of incidents with the system18 and the project.s indicators, the elasticity is -3,17 for VAN, -1,305 for TIR, -0,844 for the rate benefit/cost, while the investment.s repayment fluctuates between 10 and 12 years according to the analyzed case, stressing the system.s evaluation rate. Consequently, the security management system is organizationally feasible and economically profitable among the mentioned terms.
Due to the lack of standardization on the air traffic services, the human factor is the main cause of incidents which is the reason why it will deliver the bases for the design of the security system management for air traffic and control services, looking for a balance point between security investment and profitability of the operation it self. Before introducing to this point, a theoretical setting on security was made, this topic is a dependent variable of four factors, which are independent among them selves (machines, programs, human factors and environment), but when they interact they also become a system, in this case the aeronautical system, where the most influential factor is the human agent, in a percentage near to 10%. The human error in Chile statistically concerns to the 69% of the causes of aviation accidents. Since 1944 and the establishment of the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) security has been promoted trough regulations, and it.s the document 4444, where a security management system is set based on the interaction between the human factor and the rest of the system components, with a deadline in 2008 for implementation and the operation, having to fulfil the standards suggested. This contribution.s analysis it is made from the Shell methodology, modified by Hawkins in 1975, but in order to achieve a better organizational comprehension of the present risk a Reason Model (1990) should be developed, this explain in a better way the behavior of the accidents at the organizations, viewing the organization from the senior management all the way to the last worker. This is how the activities of the air traffic controllers have a security level based on the delivery of their service, which it as been kept under programs based on training and evaluation proceedings, principles that rule the security handling. Nowadays the incident indicator caused by air traffic controllers is a 21.27% out of the total of incidents of the national aviation system, not reaching its goal of 20%, ending up above the 20% by 2005. Through the risk analysis, based on the Shell methodology and the Reason model, failures concerning coordination between dependence and the application of the controller.s procedures were observed, based on the lack of knowledge or modification of them, another factor that contributes is the lack of attention by who.s controlling. The risk level of the air traffic control services, whose level raised to 1.85E-06, which is not comparable, because there is no track of this indicator, but it.s presumed as acceptable since it mainly depends on the analyzed facts and their location on the risk array. From this point on, the organization can be modified in order to give a step forward towards the security management system based on four lines of action: the system.s functional organization chart, connection to the quality management system, data base, maintenance and feedback. Actions that pretend provide solutions as a whole and in a systematic way to the problems described previously. This points can be implemented with a time limit no longer than three years, which is subdivided in three stages (organizational preparation, testing and implementation adjustments) based on the preponderant activities according to the lines of action proposed on the implementation. Considering that the proposal.s economic evaluation presented is done through the methodology of differential costs, delivering as an income the savings that this system will provide to the security management system. In this way a fifteen year horizon is evaluated, delivering a total inversion of 2.294 [UF] with an installment plan of three payments of 898 [UF] each, where diffusion training and preparation towards the continuous improvement executives are included. While the total incomes are above 5136,5 [UF], calculated as the difference between the incidents that will occur at a constant rate and exactly the same as the current one versus the amount of incidents that would occur because of the drop of this rate (until to 5%), caused by the management allowed by the system. The project is evaluated with a discount rate of a 5%, which can be modified, but the offer won.t deliver a greater rate than 8%, while the reported benefits against the costs are in a rate of a 1,363. The investment required will be returned with a deadline of 11 years. It is proved that the system is efficient in the rate investment/security because it.s able of lowing the amount of accidents, which lowers the chances of frequency from occasional to remote, allowing to administer the incident rate below 20%, this efficiency isn.t constant having a maximum at the tenth period of evaluation, year in which the investment return is completed. The indicators have elasticity with the costs variable by the hour equal to 3,755 for VAN, 1,38 for TIR and 1 for the rate benefit/cost, proving that this variable is directly proportional to the system.s profitability, while the investment return doesn.t exceed 11 years in the best analyzed scene and doesn.t exceed 12 years for the worse. For the relation among the amount of incidents with the system18 and the project.s indicators, the elasticity is -3,17 for VAN, -1,305 for TIR, -0,844 for the rate benefit/cost, while the investment.s repayment fluctuates between 10 and 12 years according to the analyzed case, stressing the system.s evaluation rate. Consequently, the security management system is organizationally feasible and economically profitable among the mentioned terms.
Description
Keywords
Seguridad operacional aeronáutica, Control de tránsito aéreo, Planificación estratégica, Tasa de incidentes
