Thesis CARACTERIZACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE LA OPERACIÓN DE TÚNELES DE PREFRÍO DEL TIPO CALIFORNIANO EN INSTALACIONES DE EMBALAJE Y FRÍO
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Date
2018
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La industria frutícola es un área relevante en las exportaciones de Chile. Es por esto que se busca mejorar continuamente los procesos asociados a la cadena de frío de la fruta en los frigoríficos, de los cuales el prefrío de la fruta postcosecha es uno de los puntos más importantes de la cadena, pues de este proceso depende que baje la temperatura de la fruta y se retire su calor de campo rápidamente y se postergue su maduración.Para este proceso se utiliza el túnel de prefrío californiano, el cual enfría la fruta con aire forzado por medio de diferencia de presiones. No obstante, no se han realizado estudios de la real eficiencia en el enfriamiento de la fruta, así como tampoco se ha hecho un estudio acerca de las configuraciones operativas óptimas de acuerdo a la especie a enfriar, el arreglo a utilizar, el tipo de embalaje, y configuraciones del túnel de acuerdo a cada prefrío, razón por la cual se realiza este trabajo, que busca identificar esas variables y así disminuir tiempos de enfriado y hacer un uso eficiente de la energía.Se estudia en este trabajo el frigorífico Packing y Servicios Rucaray S.A., en el cual se realiza primeramente una auditoría energética, dando como resultado que los túneles de prefrío son la segunda sección con más consumo eléctrico (16,1%) luego del consumo de los compresores (43,8%), lo cual deriva en el estudio de mejoramiento de tiempos de enfriamiento de túneles californianos.Para realizar este estudio se utilizan sensores de temperatura, los cuales se incrustan al interior de la pulpa de la fruta en distintos lugares estratégicos de 3 pallets por medición: nivel inferior, medio y superior; sección exterior, media e interior; hacia los ventiladores, hacia el centro y hacia la entrada; y el primer pallet, el pallet central y el último pallet. La idea es formar una red de temperaturas y poder realizar comparaciones entre los distintos sectores y entre mediciones. Además se hace uso de un anemómetro para medir velocidad del aire de enfriamiento y poder analizar el comportamiento del flujo de aire al interior del túnel.Por la temporada en que se realiza el trabajo, se decide estudiar carozos (ciruelas, nectarines y duraznos) y manzanas. Los resultados y conclusiones son los siguientes:Carozos (ciruelas, nectarines y duraznos)Actualmente el enfriamiento demora entre 10:10 horas y 13:20 horas dependiendo del embalaje utilizado y de la abertura o cierre de las carpas laterales. Se confirma que la bolsa atmósfera disminuye la tasa de transferencia de calor con respecto a la bolsa perforada, así como también que la abertura de las carpas laterales conduce a una recirculación en torno al 13% del aire impulsado por los ventiladores, además de causar una alteración en el flujo del mismo al interior del túnel. La configuración de base 8 de los pallets permite una mejor distribución del flujo de aire de enfriamiento a través de los mismos, en contraste con la configuración de base 10. En tanto a la ubicación de los pallets, no se encuentra una correlación entre la cercanía de ellos a los ventiladores con un enfriamiento más rápido, y en la mayoría de los casos la zona central es la más lenta en enfriarse y la zona más alejada a los ventiladores es la más rápida en hacerlo. También se evidencia una alteración en el enfriamiento en la zona exterior-inferior del último pallet, dado el mal cierre al final de la carpa aislante principal, lo que incluso puede ocasionar daños por frío en dicha zona.Respecto a la desconexión de un ventilador, se logra un tiempo de enfriamiento de 7:30 horas, lo cual es menor que lo obtenido en los ensayos sin intervención, sumado al ahorro de energía eléctrica permanente del 25%. Este resultado se atribuye a buenas prácticas puestas en marcha, como por ejemplo mantener cerradas las carpas laterales y la utilización del arreglo de base 8. La desconexión del ventilador no perjudica el enfriamiento de la fruta y se logran temperaturas más homogéneas entre sectores dadas las condiciones operativas.ManzanasPara la situación actual se tiene un tiempo de enfriamiento de 15:25 horas, lo cual es lo esperado para un embalaje con bolsa perforada, arreglo de base 7, caja de cartón y carpas laterales abiertas. La base 7 es la única configuración utilizada para manzanas, dadas las dimensiones de las cajas, pero que no es óptima para el paso del aire, pues no permite una adecuada distribución del mismo a través de las cajas.Cuando no hay presencia de bolsa en el embalaje la situación cambia radicalmente: el tiempo de enfriamiento resulta de 6:05 horas, no se requiere inversión de pallets, la velocidad del aire al entrar a las cajas se incrementa de 2 [m/s] a 10 [m/s] en promedio respecto al caso con bolsa, las temperaturas son más homogéneas entre pallets y sectores, no se requiere levantar las carpas laterales dada la menor presión diferencial entre pasillos, etcétera. Si bien la utilización de bolsa depende de otros factores y no netamente del frigorífico, los esfuerzos se deben concentrar en evitar utilizar bolsa en el embalaje, ya que las otras variables pasan a segundo plano y la bolsa pasa a ser el principal para disminuir el tiempo de enfriamiento.En cuanto a la desconexión de un ventilador, en el caso en que se cubre se tiene que el enfriamiento demora 13:30 horas, 2 horas menos que el caso actual, y con una mejor distribución del aire de enfriamiento puesto que las carpas laterales están cerradas, además del 25% de ahorro de energía eléctrica durante todo el enfriamiento. En el caso en que no se cubre, el enfriamiento toma 18:20 horas, 3 horas más que el caso base, por lo que finalmente se recomienda desconectar un ventilador cuando la carga del túnel es de máximo 20 pallets, y siempre cubriéndolo.La estrategia del retiro de las esponjas entre pallets da como resultado enfriamientos de 15:30 horas y de 24:40 horas, resultados que no son alentadores. No es homogénea la distribución de temperaturas en los pallets, el aire tiene velocidades bajas de entrada a las cajas, y en general el enfriamiento no es el adecuado, por lo que no se recomienda el retiro de las esponjas.Como conclusión general, se recomienda en el caso de carozos y manzanas para un máximo de 20 pallets, desconectar y cubrir uno de los cuatro ventiladores, mantener las carpas laterales cerradas, mantener la carpa aislante apegada a los pallets con un sellado hermético, utilizar esponjas entre pallets, utilizar el arreglo de base 8, utilizar cajas de plástico y no colocar bolsa en el embalaje, en la medida de lo posible.Como ejemplo, se calcula el ahorro que se podría obtener desconectando y cubriendo un ventilador, lo que da como resultado un ahorro anual estimado de $8.250.000 (USD 13.750).Finalmente, a raíz de todo lo analizado anteriormente se genera un manual de buenas prácticas que tiene como finalidad mejorar la operación de los túneles de prefrío californianos de acuerdo a los distintos casos de enfriamiento que se puedan dar para carozos y manzanas.
The fruit industry is a relevant area in Chile’s exports. This is why it is continuously improving the processes associated with cold process of fruits in cooling plants, in which precooling is one of the most important points in the process, because at this point the fruit temperature drops and the removal of its field heat is done quickly and postpone its maturation.The californian precooling tunnel is used for this process. It cools the fruit with forced air through pressures difference. However, there are no studies about the real efficiency in the fruit cooling, neither about the optimal operating configurations according the species to be cooled, the arrangement used, the packaging and the tunnel configurations according to each precooling. That is the reason to do this work, which seeks to identify those variables and decrease cooling times and make an efficient use of energy.The plant to be analyzed in this work is Packing y Servicios Rucaray S.A. The first thing to do is an energy audit, giving as result that precooling tunnels are the second section with more electrical consumption (16,1%) after the compressors consumption (43,8%), what results in a study of improvement of cooling times of californian tunnels.The instruments used in this work are temperature sensors that are introduced in the fruit pulp in different strategic locations of 3 pallets per test: low, medium and high level; exterior, middle and interior section; towards the fans, toward the center and towards the entrance; and the first pallet, the center pallet and the last pallet. The idea is to form a temperature network and to make comparisons between sectors and between tests. Also is used an anemometer to take values of cooling air velocity and analyze the behavior of the air flow inside the tunnel.For the season in which this study is done, it is decided to study plums, nectarines, peaches and apples. The results and conclusions are as follows:Plums, nectarines and peachesWithout an intervention it takes a cooling time between 10:10 hours and 13:20 hours, depending the packaging used and the opening or closing of the side tents. It is confirmed that the atmosphere bag decreases the amount of heat transfer in contrast to the perforated bag, as well as the opening of the side tents generates a recirculation around 13% of the impulsed air from the fans, and even causes an air flow alteration in the tunnel. The base 8 arrangement allows a better distribution of the cooling air flow though the pallets in comparison to the base 10 arrangement. About the pallets location, there is no a correlation between its closeness to the fans and a faster cooling, and in most cases the central zone is the slowest to cool and the further away from the fans is the fastest. It is also seen that there is a disturbance in the cooling of the exterior-lower zone of the last pallet, due to the incorrect closure at the end of the principal insulated tent, what could causes cold damage in that area.Disconnecting a fan achieves a cooling time of 7:30 hours, lower that tests without intervention, added to the permanent electric power saving of 25%. This result is attributed to the good practices put into practice, such as keeping closed the side tents and the using of base 8 arrangement. The fan disconnection does not affect the fruit cooling and more uniform temperatures are achieved between sectors.ApplesFor the actual situation the result is a cooling time of 15:25 hours, which is expected for the packaging with perforated bag, base 7 arrangement, carton box and side tents opened. The base 7 arrangement is the only configuration used for apples, since the box dimensions, but it is not the best one for the air flow, because it does not allow an adequate distribution through the boxes.When there is no bag in the packaging the situation changes radically: the cooling time results in 6:05 hours, it is not required the investment of pallets, the air velocity at the boxes entrance increases from 2 [m/s] to 10 [m/s] average in relation to the case with bag, the temperatures are more uniform between pallets and sectors, there is no need to open the side tents due to the lower differential pressure between hallways, etcetera. Although the use of bag depends of other factors and not only from the cooling plant, the efforts must be concentrated in avoiding the use of bag in the packaging, because this is the main variable to reduce cooling time.In relation to the fan disconnection, in the case that it is covered the cooling time is 13:30 hours, 2 hours less than the current case and with a better cooling air distribution because the side tents are closed, added to the 25% electric power saving during the entire cooling. In the case that the fan is not covered it takes 18:20 hours to cool the fruit, 3 hours more than the current case, and thus finally is recommended to disconnect a fan when the tunnel load is up to 20 pallets, and always covering it.The removal of sponges between pallets strategy gives as result cooling times of 15:30 hours and 24:40 hours, which are not positive. There is no homogeneity in the pallets temperature distribution, the air has low entry velocities to the boxes, and in general the cooling is not the right one, and thus is not recommended the removal of sponges.As a general conclusion, the recommendation in case of cooling plums, nectarines, peaches and apples with a maximum of 20 pallets, is to disconnect and cover one of the four fans, to keep closed the side tents, to keep the principal insulated tent close to the pallets with a correct seal, to use sponges between pallets, to use the base 8 arrangement, to use plastic boxes and not to put bag in the packaging, as far as possible.As an example, the saving that could be obtained by disconnecting and covering a fan is calculated, what gives as result an estimated annual saving of USD 13.750 (CLP 8.250.000).Finally, after the analysis a good practice manual is generated, and it has the objective to improve the californian tunnels operation according to the different cooling cases that can be given for plums, nectarines, peaches and apples.
The fruit industry is a relevant area in Chile’s exports. This is why it is continuously improving the processes associated with cold process of fruits in cooling plants, in which precooling is one of the most important points in the process, because at this point the fruit temperature drops and the removal of its field heat is done quickly and postpone its maturation.The californian precooling tunnel is used for this process. It cools the fruit with forced air through pressures difference. However, there are no studies about the real efficiency in the fruit cooling, neither about the optimal operating configurations according the species to be cooled, the arrangement used, the packaging and the tunnel configurations according to each precooling. That is the reason to do this work, which seeks to identify those variables and decrease cooling times and make an efficient use of energy.The plant to be analyzed in this work is Packing y Servicios Rucaray S.A. The first thing to do is an energy audit, giving as result that precooling tunnels are the second section with more electrical consumption (16,1%) after the compressors consumption (43,8%), what results in a study of improvement of cooling times of californian tunnels.The instruments used in this work are temperature sensors that are introduced in the fruit pulp in different strategic locations of 3 pallets per test: low, medium and high level; exterior, middle and interior section; towards the fans, toward the center and towards the entrance; and the first pallet, the center pallet and the last pallet. The idea is to form a temperature network and to make comparisons between sectors and between tests. Also is used an anemometer to take values of cooling air velocity and analyze the behavior of the air flow inside the tunnel.For the season in which this study is done, it is decided to study plums, nectarines, peaches and apples. The results and conclusions are as follows:Plums, nectarines and peachesWithout an intervention it takes a cooling time between 10:10 hours and 13:20 hours, depending the packaging used and the opening or closing of the side tents. It is confirmed that the atmosphere bag decreases the amount of heat transfer in contrast to the perforated bag, as well as the opening of the side tents generates a recirculation around 13% of the impulsed air from the fans, and even causes an air flow alteration in the tunnel. The base 8 arrangement allows a better distribution of the cooling air flow though the pallets in comparison to the base 10 arrangement. About the pallets location, there is no a correlation between its closeness to the fans and a faster cooling, and in most cases the central zone is the slowest to cool and the further away from the fans is the fastest. It is also seen that there is a disturbance in the cooling of the exterior-lower zone of the last pallet, due to the incorrect closure at the end of the principal insulated tent, what could causes cold damage in that area.Disconnecting a fan achieves a cooling time of 7:30 hours, lower that tests without intervention, added to the permanent electric power saving of 25%. This result is attributed to the good practices put into practice, such as keeping closed the side tents and the using of base 8 arrangement. The fan disconnection does not affect the fruit cooling and more uniform temperatures are achieved between sectors.ApplesFor the actual situation the result is a cooling time of 15:25 hours, which is expected for the packaging with perforated bag, base 7 arrangement, carton box and side tents opened. The base 7 arrangement is the only configuration used for apples, since the box dimensions, but it is not the best one for the air flow, because it does not allow an adequate distribution through the boxes.When there is no bag in the packaging the situation changes radically: the cooling time results in 6:05 hours, it is not required the investment of pallets, the air velocity at the boxes entrance increases from 2 [m/s] to 10 [m/s] average in relation to the case with bag, the temperatures are more uniform between pallets and sectors, there is no need to open the side tents due to the lower differential pressure between hallways, etcetera. Although the use of bag depends of other factors and not only from the cooling plant, the efforts must be concentrated in avoiding the use of bag in the packaging, because this is the main variable to reduce cooling time.In relation to the fan disconnection, in the case that it is covered the cooling time is 13:30 hours, 2 hours less than the current case and with a better cooling air distribution because the side tents are closed, added to the 25% electric power saving during the entire cooling. In the case that the fan is not covered it takes 18:20 hours to cool the fruit, 3 hours more than the current case, and thus finally is recommended to disconnect a fan when the tunnel load is up to 20 pallets, and always covering it.The removal of sponges between pallets strategy gives as result cooling times of 15:30 hours and 24:40 hours, which are not positive. There is no homogeneity in the pallets temperature distribution, the air has low entry velocities to the boxes, and in general the cooling is not the right one, and thus is not recommended the removal of sponges.As a general conclusion, the recommendation in case of cooling plums, nectarines, peaches and apples with a maximum of 20 pallets, is to disconnect and cover one of the four fans, to keep closed the side tents, to keep the principal insulated tent close to the pallets with a correct seal, to use sponges between pallets, to use the base 8 arrangement, to use plastic boxes and not to put bag in the packaging, as far as possible.As an example, the saving that could be obtained by disconnecting and covering a fan is calculated, what gives as result an estimated annual saving of USD 13.750 (CLP 8.250.000).Finally, after the analysis a good practice manual is generated, and it has the objective to improve the californian tunnels operation according to the different cooling cases that can be given for plums, nectarines, peaches and apples.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
EFICIENCIA ENERGETICA, TEMPERATURA DE PULPA, TUNEL DE PREFRIO CALIFORNIANO