Thesis Estudio de la factibilidad de reingeniería en el proceso de enfriamiento de arándanos frescos para exportación.
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Date
2016-01
Authors
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Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Industrial
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
En el último siglo, la tecnología ha avanzado de forma extraordinaria, de modo que año a año se queda expuetso a tecnología obsoleta, por lo que se debe tener una rápida respuesta ante las condiciones externas. Es por ello, que todas las empresas deben realizar un constante análisis interno de cada uno de los procesos, de modo de mantener su ventaja competitiva.
Los costos productivos constituyen uno de los factores más importantes a considerar para una compañía, pero a veces, existen factores que son cruciales. Para la exportación de frutos frescos, y sobre todo para frutos tan delicados como son los berries, es fundamental disminuir su manipulación al mínimo, dado que esta puede afectar a la calidad del fruto; fruto que tiene extraordinarias propiedades que año a año se van descubriendo, permitiendo un crecimiento lineal en la industria.
Se desarrolla la presente memoria, de modo de realizar estudios para evaluar un proyecto de recambio de equipos, interviniendo en el proceso crucial para una exportación, la cadena de frío. La temperatura objetivo de exportación no debe ser menor a la temperatura de congelación, por lo que se fija una temperatura con un grado de seguridad, siendo esta igual a 0°C. Mantener esta temperatura es fácil, el desafío está en la disminución desde la temperatura que se encuentra en cosecha.
El mecanismo a evaluar corresponde a una nueva tecnología en crecimiento, enfriamiento mediante gases criogénicos, debido a que se trata de alimentos de consumo directo, se utilizará el nitrógeno líquido (LIN) dado su carácter inerte que interrumpe el crecimiento bacteriano del fruto. El enfriamiento por medio de LIN permite evitar la degradación metabólica que sufren los arándanos con las altas temperatura, y que afecta a su frescura y calidad. LIN posee una gran capacidad de intercambio térmico, lo que permite un enfriamiento rápido y controlado del producto. En consecuencia, se consulta a un potencial proveedor quienes trabajarán en conjunto para evaluar si es factible la implementación, además si esta genera ahorros en el proceso actual.
El frío no es sólo un factor a nivel industrial, sino que genera importantes cambios en la fruta a medida que la temperatura va disminuyendo, por lo que para realizar un cambio en un equipo, es de alta importancia estudiar cada uno de estos factores, para así poder seguir con el estudio en desarrollo.
Para ello, fue necesaria una serie de pruebas que permitieran asegurar la calidad del fruto, validando el mecanismo de frío a implementar. Con los resultados de las pruebas (Tabla 1) se rechazó uno de los escenarios propuestos por el proveedor, manejar fruta a temperatura de congelación de modo que cumpla con la misión de la empresa, berries durante todo el año. El mecanismo de frío permite mantener las propiedades de las células al realizar “refresh”, pero la manipulación de esta fue rechazada, dado que provocaba daño físico en un 100% al arándano.
Dentro de las pruebas que fueron aprobadas, considerando aceptable la calidad del fruto - consideración realizada por un agrónomo del área - se presentaron dos escenarios factibles para el desarrollo, ambos a intervenir dentro del proceso de Packing. El primer escenario considera una resistencia térmica mayor, puesto que se enfría producto embalado y, el segundo sin resistencia enfriando sólo fruto a granel.
Técnicamente ambas son factibles, pero de distinta envergadura. El primer escenario se mantiene dentro de los paradigmas conservadores de la industria, por lo que la inversión no genera beneficios considerables para la empresa en cuestión. De todos modos, las cifras son positivas, obteniendo un VAN igual a CL$123 MM con un horizonte de evaluación de 5 años, tiempo en el que existe contrato de compra-venta del nitrógeno líquido con el potencial proveedor, con precio fijo.
El segundo escenario, el cual posee menor dificultades para la trasferencia de calor, genera una disminución significativa en el tiempo de proceso del arándano, disminuyendo el tiempo en planta a 1,5 días, lo que permite recepcionar y despachar en un mismo día, aumentado en un 32% la capacidad de la Planta Gorbea (planta en la que se basan los estudios). Este caso se tiene un VAN equivalente a CL$885 MM, valor altamente positivo.
Para ambos casos, la tasa de descuento utilizada es aquella que describe la empresa en el estado financiero publicado al 2015, equivalente al 11,55 %. Además, la inversión es recuperada en un año.
Finalmente, se puede afirmar que los objetivos fueron cumplidos en su cabalidad, logrando tener un integro desarrollo, para realizar una recomendación fundamentada para la empresa, cumpliendo con cada uno de los requisitos establecidos.
In the last century, technology has advanced dramatically, so that every year we find outdated technology, so you must have a quick response facing external conditions. That is why all companies must make a constant internal analysis of each process in order to maintain their competitive advantage. The cost is one of the most important factors to consider for a company, but sometimes there are factors that are crucial. For the export of fresh fruits, especially for delicate fruits such as berries, it is essential to reduce the handling to the minimun since this might a_ect the quality of the fruit; fruit with extraordinary properties discovered every year, allowing a linear growth in the industry. Accordingly, this thesis is developed in order to conduct studies to assess an equipment replacement project, intervening in the most crucial process for export, the cold chain. The export target temperature shall not be less than the freezing temperature, so that a temperature with a degree of security is stablished, being this equal to 0°C. Maintaining this temperature is easy, the challenge is the decrease from the harvest temperature. The mechanism to evaluate corresponds to a new technology in growth, cryogenic gases cooling, which, since it is used for direct consumption food, uses liquid nitrogen (LIN) due its inertness which disrupts the bacterial growth of fruit. Cooling through LIN avoids metabolic degradation blueberries su_er with high temperatures, a_ecting their freshness and quality. This is thanks to its great capacity for heat exchange, allowing a fast and controlled cooling of the product. Consequently, we see a potential supplier who will work together with us to assess whether this implementation is feasible, along with generating savings in the current process. The cold is not only a factor at industrial level, it also generates significant changes in fruit as the temperature decreases, so to make a change to an equipment it is highly important to study each of these factors in order to continue developing the study. For this, a series of tests to ensure the quality of the fruit were necessary, validating the cold mechanism to implement. With the test results Among the passed tests, considering acceptable fruit quality - consideration made by one of the area agronomists - two feasible scenarios were introduced, both thought to intervene in the process of Packing, using in the first a higher thermal resistance since packaged product is being cooled, and the second without resistance, cooling only bulk fruit. Both are technically feasible, but in di_erent scales. The first scenario is kept within conservative paradigms of the industry, so that the investment does not generate significant benefits for the focus company. However, the figures are positive obtaining an NPV equal to CL$123 MM with a 5 years evaluation horizon, during this time there is a fixed price trading contract of liquid nitrogen with the potential supplier. The second scenario, which has less di_culty in heat transfer, generates a significant reduction in processing time of cranberries, reducing plant time to one day, allowing to receive and dispatch them on the same day increasing a 23% of the capacity of Planta Gorbea (plant in which the studies are based). In this case an NPV equal to CL$885 MM is obtained, a highly positive value. In both cases , the discount rate used is one described by the company’s financial statement published in 2015, equivalent to a 11.55% . In addition, the investment is recovered within a year. Finally, we can say that the objectives were fulfilled in its completeness, managing to have a full development to make an informed recommendation to the company in compliance with each of the stablished requirements.
In the last century, technology has advanced dramatically, so that every year we find outdated technology, so you must have a quick response facing external conditions. That is why all companies must make a constant internal analysis of each process in order to maintain their competitive advantage. The cost is one of the most important factors to consider for a company, but sometimes there are factors that are crucial. For the export of fresh fruits, especially for delicate fruits such as berries, it is essential to reduce the handling to the minimun since this might a_ect the quality of the fruit; fruit with extraordinary properties discovered every year, allowing a linear growth in the industry. Accordingly, this thesis is developed in order to conduct studies to assess an equipment replacement project, intervening in the most crucial process for export, the cold chain. The export target temperature shall not be less than the freezing temperature, so that a temperature with a degree of security is stablished, being this equal to 0°C. Maintaining this temperature is easy, the challenge is the decrease from the harvest temperature. The mechanism to evaluate corresponds to a new technology in growth, cryogenic gases cooling, which, since it is used for direct consumption food, uses liquid nitrogen (LIN) due its inertness which disrupts the bacterial growth of fruit. Cooling through LIN avoids metabolic degradation blueberries su_er with high temperatures, a_ecting their freshness and quality. This is thanks to its great capacity for heat exchange, allowing a fast and controlled cooling of the product. Consequently, we see a potential supplier who will work together with us to assess whether this implementation is feasible, along with generating savings in the current process. The cold is not only a factor at industrial level, it also generates significant changes in fruit as the temperature decreases, so to make a change to an equipment it is highly important to study each of these factors in order to continue developing the study. For this, a series of tests to ensure the quality of the fruit were necessary, validating the cold mechanism to implement. With the test results Among the passed tests, considering acceptable fruit quality - consideration made by one of the area agronomists - two feasible scenarios were introduced, both thought to intervene in the process of Packing, using in the first a higher thermal resistance since packaged product is being cooled, and the second without resistance, cooling only bulk fruit. Both are technically feasible, but in di_erent scales. The first scenario is kept within conservative paradigms of the industry, so that the investment does not generate significant benefits for the focus company. However, the figures are positive obtaining an NPV equal to CL$123 MM with a 5 years evaluation horizon, during this time there is a fixed price trading contract of liquid nitrogen with the potential supplier. The second scenario, which has less di_culty in heat transfer, generates a significant reduction in processing time of cranberries, reducing plant time to one day, allowing to receive and dispatch them on the same day increasing a 23% of the capacity of Planta Gorbea (plant in which the studies are based). In this case an NPV equal to CL$885 MM is obtained, a highly positive value. In both cases , the discount rate used is one described by the company’s financial statement published in 2015, equivalent to a 11.55% . In addition, the investment is recovered within a year. Finally, we can say that the objectives were fulfilled in its completeness, managing to have a full development to make an informed recommendation to the company in compliance with each of the stablished requirements.
Description
Keywords
Estudio de factibilidad, Arándanos, Calidad de frutas, Maquinaria agrícola, Innovación tecnológica, Refrigeración industrial
