Thesis IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA LA GENERACIÓN Y ALMACENAMIENTO DE HIDRÓGENO, PARA SU POSTERIOR INYECCIÓN A MOTOR DIÉSEL
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Date
2015-10
Authors
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DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA. INGENIERÍA CIVIL MECÁNICA – MENCIÓN ENERGÍA
Campus
Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Los altos precios de los combustibles y la creciente contaminación atmosférica han
obligado a buscar combustibles distintos a los actuales que presenten una solución a dichos
problemas. Una solución viable es la utilización del hidrógeno como combustible, que en
comparación con los combustibles derivados posee ciertas ventajas, como un mayor poder
calorífico, la combustión es limpia, genera sólo agua como producto. Sin embargo, el
problema es la generación ya que es muy caro de producir en la actualidad, además de la
complejidad de su almacenaje. Es por esta razón que se debe investigar y generar un estado
del arte de los diversos sistemas de generación y almacenamiento de hidrógeno, para poder
así poder sugerir la mejor tecnología para el fin buscado. Dentro de este marco resulta muy
interesante el uso de electrolizadores SOE y PEM presurizados, eliminando así la
problemática del uso de un compresor para aumentar la presión al gas y poder lograr una
mayor densidad energética por unidad de volumen y masa. Dentro del marco del
almacenaje, los hidruros metálicos presentan el futuro de este sistema, sin embargo, debido
a que se encuentra en etapa de I+D, lo más conveniente es almacenar el hidrógeno en
estado gaseoso y comprimido si es que se quiere generar y almacenar a bordo del mismo
vehículo.
Debido a que el almacenaje a presión es complicado y requiere de un gran número de
equipos, se ha decidido hacer una experiencia práctica que tiene por finalidad generar,
almacenar e inyectar este gas a un motor diésel, utilizando el hidrógeno a presión
atmosférica. La generación de hidrógeno se genera por electrólisis, ocupando los equipos
disponibles en la universidad. Uno de ellos es una celda generadora de gas HHO, que
debido a su forma constructiva es imposible de utilizar para los fines de esta investigación.
El segundo equipo disponible es un electrolizador tipo PEM, que tiene la particularidad de
no ocupar electrolítico, tales como NaOH (soda caustica), ya que este sistema ocupa una
membrana de nafión ácida, el cual es sólido, que hace de electrolito, es decir, hace el
intercambio protónico. Este sistema es uno de los mejores, ya que permite ocupar una
densidad de corriente mayor, lo cual hace que los equipos tengan un tamaño más reducido, además de tener una alta eficiencia. Esta celda produce 1 litro de hidrógeno cada 7 minutos
de funcionamiento, con una eficiencia promedio del 65 por ciento aproximadamente.
High fuel prices and increasing air pollution have been forced to look for different fuels, which submit a solution to these problems. A viable solution is the use of hydrogen as fuel, which compared with those derived from oil has certain advantages, such as a higher calorific value, a clean combustion which generates only water as a product. However, the problem is the generation, because it is very expensive to produce at present, besides the complexity of storage. It is for this reason that in this investigation, there will perform a state of the art of the various systems of hydrogen generation and storage, with the finality to be able to suggest the best technology to the end sought in this report. Within this framework it is very interesting to use pressurized PEM and SOE electrolysers, eliminating the problem of the use of a compressor to increase gas pressure with the finality of achieve a higher energy density per unit volume and mass. Within the framework of the hydrogen storage, the metal hydrides present the most attractive properties in the future of storage of hydrogen, however, because it is in the stage of R & D, it is best to store compressed hydrogen if you want to generate and storing on board the same vehicle, until the metal hydrides become a feasible technology. Because the storage pressure is complicated and requires a large number of equipments, it has decided to make a practical experience which aims to generate, store and inject the gas into a diesel engine at atmospheric pressure. The generation of hydrogen is generated by electrolysis, taking the equipment available at the university. One is a HHO gas generating cell, which due to their design is unusable for the purposes of this investigation. The second equipment available is a PEM electrolyser, which has the particularity of not use liquid electrolyte, such as NaOH, since this system occupies an acid Nafion membrane, which is solid that acts as the electrolyte, i.e. makes the proton exchange. This system is one of the best, as it allows to use a higher current density, which makes the electrolysis system have a smaller size, in addition to high efficiency. This cell produces 1 liter of hydrogen every 7 minutes of operation, with an average efficiency of 65 percent.
High fuel prices and increasing air pollution have been forced to look for different fuels, which submit a solution to these problems. A viable solution is the use of hydrogen as fuel, which compared with those derived from oil has certain advantages, such as a higher calorific value, a clean combustion which generates only water as a product. However, the problem is the generation, because it is very expensive to produce at present, besides the complexity of storage. It is for this reason that in this investigation, there will perform a state of the art of the various systems of hydrogen generation and storage, with the finality to be able to suggest the best technology to the end sought in this report. Within this framework it is very interesting to use pressurized PEM and SOE electrolysers, eliminating the problem of the use of a compressor to increase gas pressure with the finality of achieve a higher energy density per unit volume and mass. Within the framework of the hydrogen storage, the metal hydrides present the most attractive properties in the future of storage of hydrogen, however, because it is in the stage of R & D, it is best to store compressed hydrogen if you want to generate and storing on board the same vehicle, until the metal hydrides become a feasible technology. Because the storage pressure is complicated and requires a large number of equipments, it has decided to make a practical experience which aims to generate, store and inject the gas into a diesel engine at atmospheric pressure. The generation of hydrogen is generated by electrolysis, taking the equipment available at the university. One is a HHO gas generating cell, which due to their design is unusable for the purposes of this investigation. The second equipment available is a PEM electrolyser, which has the particularity of not use liquid electrolyte, such as NaOH, since this system occupies an acid Nafion membrane, which is solid that acts as the electrolyte, i.e. makes the proton exchange. This system is one of the best, as it allows to use a higher current density, which makes the electrolysis system have a smaller size, in addition to high efficiency. This cell produces 1 liter of hydrogen every 7 minutes of operation, with an average efficiency of 65 percent.
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