Thesis "ACTINOBACTERIAS MARINAS DE LA ISLA DE PASCUA: EFECTO INHIBITORIO DE EXTRACTOS BIOACTIVOS Y SU ROL POTENCIAL EN BIOTECNOLOGÍA"
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Date
2016
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Se hacen necesarios descubrir nuevos compuestos antimicrobianos, debido al constante aumento de microorganismos patógenos resistentes. La búsqueda de metabolitos secundarios con actividades antimicrobianas, ha conllevado a la exploración de ambientes novedosos o extremos volviéndose esta actividad cada vez más relevante.Los ecosistemas marinos poseen condiciones ambientales extremas, tales como, alta salinidad, bajas temperaturas, alta presión, entre otros, proporcionando características únicas a la supervivencia de los microorganismos marinos. Estas características han contribuido a que habiten actinobacterias poco frecuentes. El phylum Actinobacteria se caracteriza por ser uno de los principales productores de compuestos que poseen diversas actividades biológicas.En el presente estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar la potencial producción de compuestos con actividad antimicrobiana provenientes de actinobacterias marinas, para lo cual se aislaron actinobacterias marinas desde 3 muestras de esponjas marinas y una muestra de sedimento marino de la playa Terevaka, Isla de Pascua, de la región de Valparaíso, Chile. Se utilizaron 4 métodos de cultivo o pretratamientos y 6 medios de cultivo selectivo. Mediante la identificación del gen rRNA 16S se lograron identificar 31 actinobacterias con afiliación genéticas a 8 géneros: Brevibacterium, Gordonia, Kytococcus, Kocuria, Micrococcus, Nesterenkonia, Rhodococcus y Serinicoccus. La mayor biodiversidad de aislados lo presentaron las esponjas marinas, los géneros exclusivos de estas muestras fueron Gordonia, Rhodococcus y Serinicoccus, alcanzando un total de 25 aislados de actinobacterias. 6 aislados de actinobacteria se obtuvieron de la muestra de sedimento marino y los géneros exclusivos fueron Brevibacterium y Kytococcus.Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana de las 31 actinobacterias, mediante el método de Cross Streak contra 5 bacterias modelo de interés clínico, las cuales son Listeria monocytogenes (LIMO), Staphylococcus aureus (STAU), Escherichia coli (ESCO), Salmonella enterica (SAEN) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSAU). Se logró determinar que 6 actinobacterias presentaron inhibiciones frente a alguna de las cepas de interés clínico.Posteriormente de a las 6 que tuvieron inhibición mediante el método de Cross Streak, se les realizó extracciones con solventes orgánicos estos fueron acetato de etilo y metanol, para extraer sus metabolitos secundarios y evaluar su actividad antimicrobiana contra las bacterias modelos. Dos las actinobacterias presentaron efecto inhibitorio contra LIMO y STAU, estas fueron Brevibacterium sp. IPAJ-1, y Kocuria sp. IPBI-1.1Para detectar la potencial capacidad productora de metabolitos secundarios de estas cepas, se realizo mediante PCR la búsqueda de genes PKS y NRPS. Las actinobacterias sometidas a esta prueba fueron 3, Brevibacterium sp. IPAJ-1, Kocuria sp. IPBI-1.1 y Kytococcus sp. IPAL-2, esta ultima aunque se consideró debido a que presentó inhibición contra todas las bacterias modelo en el método Cross Streak. Todas las cepas presentaron el gen PKS 1, mientras que para PKS 2 amplificaron las cepas IPAJ-1 e IPAL-2, y la cepa IPAL-2 amplificó para el gen NRPS.
The need to discover new antimicrobial compounds is to the constant increase in resistant pathogenic microorganisms. The search for secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities, has led to the exploration of novel or extreme environments, becoming ar this increasingly important activity.Marine ecosystems have extreme conditions, such as high salinity, low temperatures, high pressure, among other environmental conditions, providing unique survival features of marine microorganisms. These features have contributed to inhabit rare actinomycetes. The phylum Actinobacteria is characterized as one of the leading producers of compounds with diverse biological activities.The present study aims to evaluate the potential production of compounds with antimicrobial activity from marine Actinobacteria, for which Actinobacteria were isolated from 3 samples of marine sponges and a marine sediment samples from Terevaka Beach, Easter Island, from the region of Valparaíso, Chile. Four cultivation methods or 6/2 pretreatments and selective culture were used. By identifying the 16S rRNA gene they were able to identify 31 actinomycetes with genetic affiliations to 8 genera: Brevibacterium, Gordonia, Kytococcus, Kocuria, Micrococcus, Nesterenkonia, Rhodococcus and Serinicoccus. Most biodiversity presented was isolated from marine sponges, exclusive of these samples were Gordonia, Rhodococcus and Serinicoccus, reaching a total of 25 isolates of actinomycetes. Six isolates of Actinobacteria were obtained from the sample of marine sediment and exclusive genera were Brevibacterium and Kytococcus.The antimicrobial activity of the 31 actinomycetes was evaluated by the Cross Streak method with 5 bacteria model of clinical interest, Listeria monocytogenes (LIMO), Staphylococcus aureus (STAU), Escherichia coli (ESCO), Salmonella enterica (SAEN) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSAU). It was determined that six actinomycetes showed inhibitions against some strains of clinical interest. Subsequently, extractions were performed with organic solvents to these actinomycetes, to extract secondary metabolites and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against bacteria models. Two actinomycetes showed an inhibitory effect against LIMO and STAU, these were Brevibacterium sp. IPAJ-1, and Kocuria sp. IPBI-1.1To detect potential production capacity of secondary metabolites of these strains, PCR was performed to search for PKS and NRPS genes. The actinomycetes subjected to this test were the following: Brevibacterium sp. IPAJ-1, Kocuria sp. IPBI-1.1 and Kytococcus sp. IPAL-2, the latter was considered because it showed inhibition against all model bacteria in the Cross Streak method. All strains showed the presence of the PKS 1 gene, whereas the amplified IPAJ-1 PKS 2 and IPAL-2 strains and amplified IPAL-2 strain for NRPS gene.
The need to discover new antimicrobial compounds is to the constant increase in resistant pathogenic microorganisms. The search for secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities, has led to the exploration of novel or extreme environments, becoming ar this increasingly important activity.Marine ecosystems have extreme conditions, such as high salinity, low temperatures, high pressure, among other environmental conditions, providing unique survival features of marine microorganisms. These features have contributed to inhabit rare actinomycetes. The phylum Actinobacteria is characterized as one of the leading producers of compounds with diverse biological activities.The present study aims to evaluate the potential production of compounds with antimicrobial activity from marine Actinobacteria, for which Actinobacteria were isolated from 3 samples of marine sponges and a marine sediment samples from Terevaka Beach, Easter Island, from the region of Valparaíso, Chile. Four cultivation methods or 6/2 pretreatments and selective culture were used. By identifying the 16S rRNA gene they were able to identify 31 actinomycetes with genetic affiliations to 8 genera: Brevibacterium, Gordonia, Kytococcus, Kocuria, Micrococcus, Nesterenkonia, Rhodococcus and Serinicoccus. Most biodiversity presented was isolated from marine sponges, exclusive of these samples were Gordonia, Rhodococcus and Serinicoccus, reaching a total of 25 isolates of actinomycetes. Six isolates of Actinobacteria were obtained from the sample of marine sediment and exclusive genera were Brevibacterium and Kytococcus.The antimicrobial activity of the 31 actinomycetes was evaluated by the Cross Streak method with 5 bacteria model of clinical interest, Listeria monocytogenes (LIMO), Staphylococcus aureus (STAU), Escherichia coli (ESCO), Salmonella enterica (SAEN) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSAU). It was determined that six actinomycetes showed inhibitions against some strains of clinical interest. Subsequently, extractions were performed with organic solvents to these actinomycetes, to extract secondary metabolites and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against bacteria models. Two actinomycetes showed an inhibitory effect against LIMO and STAU, these were Brevibacterium sp. IPAJ-1, and Kocuria sp. IPBI-1.1To detect potential production capacity of secondary metabolites of these strains, PCR was performed to search for PKS and NRPS genes. The actinomycetes subjected to this test were the following: Brevibacterium sp. IPAJ-1, Kocuria sp. IPBI-1.1 and Kytococcus sp. IPAL-2, the latter was considered because it showed inhibition against all model bacteria in the Cross Streak method. All strains showed the presence of the PKS 1 gene, whereas the amplified IPAJ-1 PKS 2 and IPAL-2 strains and amplified IPAL-2 strain for NRPS gene.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
ACTINOBACTERIAS, ANTIMICROBIANA, BIOTECNOLOGIA, EXTRACTOS BIOACTIVOS, ISLA DE PASCUA, RAPA NUI