Thesis DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE PARA LA INFRAESTRUCTURA DE SANEAMIENTO RURAL EN CHILE
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Date
2016
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
INGENIERIA CIVIL
Campus
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La problemática no resuelta a nivel mundial, sobre el saneamiento sanitario en las zonas más vulnerables, se replica en nuestro país a pesar de que pertenecemos al selecto grupo de los más desarrollados en dicha materia. Esto se debe principalmente a que las tecnologías aplicadas a resolver dicho problema están pensadas para zonas donde la población se encuentra concentrada y tiene los recursos para financiar las grandes inversiones iniciales, junto con los costos de operación de dichas plantas de tratamiento, haciendo que se vuelva la solución “costo-efectiva” más apropiada.En las zonas rurales se opta por soluciones menos desarrolladas, lo que resulta un problema de mayor escala, ya que estas no realizan los saneamientos adecuados, produciendo contaminación ambiental. Es por eso que se requiere hacer soluciones que sean sustentables, las cuales enmarquen los tres puntos de vista, social, económico y medioambiental.Hoy se yergue un nuevo desafío país: alcanzar 100 % de cobertura de saneamiento básico para ambas áreas (déficit Urbano 2.53% y Rural 30.19% (ANEXO B)), entendiéndose por tal suministrar un sistema de disposición final ambientalmente seguro de los residuos humanos de cada vivienda. Para ello, los conceptos de Ingeniería y de Ecología deberían ser aplicados en el diseño de soluciones económicas y sencillas de construir por los mismos usuarios, que no requieren de agua potable y sistemas de alcantarillados públicos.Cuando se realiza la comparación de las posibles alternativas, se llega a la conclusión que las letrinas ecológicas secas son las mejores soluciones para las zonas rurales, ya que cumplen con una disposición de los residuos humanos de manera sustentable.Dicho lo anterior, se realiza un diseño de un Baño Integral Sustentable (BIS) el cual cierra el ciclo del agua y el de los nutrientes integrando un sanitario seco por deshidratación con separador de orina, que aparta las fecas de la orina y las devuelve como fertilizantes, un calentador de agua solar donde se entibia, para luego alimentar un lavamanos y ducha, los que a su vez desaguan en una trampa de grasas y luego en un humedal artificial que trata las aguas grises y las devuelve aptas para regadío.Por último se finaliza describiendo las metodologías de implementación utilizadas, las cuales buscan conocer el mejor método de trabajo para lograr la cobertura sustentable total a nivel de país.
The unresolved problem concerning sanitation in the most vulnerable areas worldwide is replicated in Chile even it belongs to the select group of the most developed countries in the area. This is mainly because the technology applied to solve this problem are intended for areas where the population is concentrated. It has become the most appropriate cost-effective solution due to the operating costs of such treatment plants and the resources available to finance the large initial investments.In rural areas one opts for less developed solutions, which causes much greater problems, as these don’t perform adequate sanitation, causing environmental pollution. For this reason more sustainable solutions are required which frame three views; social, economic and environmental.Nowadays there is a new challenge that countries face: to reach 100% coverage of basic sanitation for both areas (Urban deficit 2.53% and Rural 30.19% (ANEXO B)), meaning providing an environmentally safe disposal system for human waste for every house. To do this, Engineering and Ecology concepts should be applied in the economic and simple design of the solutions built by the users themselves, which don’t require portable water nor public sewer systems.The conclusion is reached once comparing the possible alternatives has been done; dry ecological latrines are the best solutions for rural areas, as they comply with the regulation of human waste in a sustainable manner.That being said, a design of a Sustainable Integral Bath (BIS) which establishes a closed water and nutrient cycle integrating a dry toilet by dehydration with urine separator, separating the feces from the urine and returned them fertilizers, solar water heater where it is warmed, then feed a sink and shower, which in turn flow into a grease trap and then an artificial wetland that treats greywater and returns suitable for irrigation.Finally, describing the implementation methodologies used, which are seeking the best working method to achieve total sustainable coverage at country level.
The unresolved problem concerning sanitation in the most vulnerable areas worldwide is replicated in Chile even it belongs to the select group of the most developed countries in the area. This is mainly because the technology applied to solve this problem are intended for areas where the population is concentrated. It has become the most appropriate cost-effective solution due to the operating costs of such treatment plants and the resources available to finance the large initial investments.In rural areas one opts for less developed solutions, which causes much greater problems, as these don’t perform adequate sanitation, causing environmental pollution. For this reason more sustainable solutions are required which frame three views; social, economic and environmental.Nowadays there is a new challenge that countries face: to reach 100% coverage of basic sanitation for both areas (Urban deficit 2.53% and Rural 30.19% (ANEXO B)), meaning providing an environmentally safe disposal system for human waste for every house. To do this, Engineering and Ecology concepts should be applied in the economic and simple design of the solutions built by the users themselves, which don’t require portable water nor public sewer systems.The conclusion is reached once comparing the possible alternatives has been done; dry ecological latrines are the best solutions for rural areas, as they comply with the regulation of human waste in a sustainable manner.That being said, a design of a Sustainable Integral Bath (BIS) which establishes a closed water and nutrient cycle integrating a dry toilet by dehydration with urine separator, separating the feces from the urine and returned them fertilizers, solar water heater where it is warmed, then feed a sink and shower, which in turn flow into a grease trap and then an artificial wetland that treats greywater and returns suitable for irrigation.Finally, describing the implementation methodologies used, which are seeking the best working method to achieve total sustainable coverage at country level.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
DEFICIT DE SANEAMIENTO, SANEAMIENTO ECOLOGICO, ZONAS RURALES