Thesis INTEGRACIÓN DE ERNC DEL NORTE DE CHILE, MEDIANTE UN SISTEMA DE CONFIGURACIONES FLEXIBLES DE GENERACIÓN Y ALMACENAMIENTO
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Date
2018
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Con una disponibilidad efectiva sobre los 1000 GW de recursos energéticos renovables no convencionales (ERNC), Chile actualmente posee una matriz energética eléctrica con un consumo aproximado de 23 GW, altamente dependiente de combustibles fósiles, que provienen de importaciones, generando una condición de vulnerabilidad energética. El resto de la generación se basa en un 27% de hidroeléctricas y únicamente un 18% de energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC), ambos casos dependientes de las condiciones climáticas. Existiendo a la fecha políticas que comprometen inversiones en ERNC, existen aún limitantes asociadas a la intermitencia de generación y elevados costos de almacenamiento en sistemas convencionales.En respuesta a este desafío, se propone el desarrollo e implementación de una herramienta para la gestión de recursos ERNC, integrando condiciones de demanda, generación y tecnologías alternativas de almacenamiento, con el fin de asegurar una distribución estable, reduciendo costos de operación en consumo de energía (por sobre consumo y facturación de contrato).Para esto se estudiaron las diferentes alternativas tecnológicas de almacenamiento disponibles en el mercado, en función de sus características técnicas y económicas. Utilizando esta información se evaluaron softwares comerciales, y posteriormente se diseñó una herramienta que permitiera integrar todas las tecnologías y simular escenarios múltiples, dada una curva de demanda y precio.La herramienta diseñada considera algoritmos de decisión para la gestión de energía en función de las características técnicas de las tecnologías de almacenamiento, tales como: la eficiencia, tiempo de carga y descarga, capacidad residual, pérdidas de carga y potencia máxima. La evaluación de la curva de demanda se basa en demanda anual, a escala horaria para distintas combinatorias de unidades de almacenamiento, generadas por la herramienta. El sistema desarrollado se implementó para una curva de demanda de una empresa minera con demanda energética que estaba sobre el consumo contratado, de un valor de 1.060 [MWh/año], incurriendo en un gasto económico asociado, es decir una multa.Con la herramienta implementada, se evaluaron 106 combinatorias de configuraciones basadas en: capacitores, volantes de inercia, baterías (de Plomo, Litio, Níquel y Sodio), y celdas de hidrógeno, lo que en total sumó la evaluación de 7 alternativas tecnológicas distintas con potencias modulares de 1[MW], y 500[kW] en el caso de los capacitores. Esta evaluación se realizó para 4 escenarios de generación, dada las condiciones geográficas y climáticas de la empresa minera, considerando el uso de energía eólica 1200[kW] y fotovoltaica 1600[kW], y su combinación, considerando a su vez un cuarto caso sin generación.Los resultados de la simulación de los cuatro casos evaluados arrojaron valores totales de compra (a 120[USD/MWh]) y venta de energía (a 55[USD/MWh]), asociada a la operación del sistema de almacenamiento, de los cuales se seleccionaron aquellos casos con ingresos económicos mayores, resultando en los primeros tres casos, los módulos basados en 1000[kW] de baterías de plomo (“BPA”), mientras que para el cuatro caso, se obtuvo un balance entre ingreso y egreso negativo, descartando esta opción. Finalmente, se realizó la evaluación económica de las tres primeras configuraciones (“PV + BPA”; “TE + BPA”; “PV + TE + BPA”), en un marco de evaluación de 10 años, resultando inviable la propuesta para los precios de mercado actuales, asociados a tecnologías y energía, siendo la herramienta de evaluación de utilidad para el análisis del caso. Por lo tanto, se concluyó que, para el caso de estudio, se debe continuar costeando la multa por sobreconsumo energético. A su vez, con respecto al diseño de la herramienta de evaluación, se comprobó la utilidad de esta para el análisis de distintas unidades de almacenamiento y su combinatoria, pudiendo proyectar su uso en nuevos casos de estudio (sector industrial o residencial) para fines comerciales y/o educativos.
With an effective availability of 1000 GW of non-conventional renewable energy resources (NCRE), Chile currently has an electric energy matrix with an approximate consumption of 23 GW, highly dependent on fossil fuels, which come from imports, generating a condition of energy vulnerability. The rest of the generation is based on 27% of hydroelectric plants and only 18% of non-conventional renewable energies (NCRE), both dependent on weather conditions. To the date there are policies that commit investments in NCRE, yet there are still limitations associated with generation intermittency and high storage costs in conventional systems.In response to this challenge, the development and implementation of a tool for NCRE resource management is proposed, integrating demand conditions, generation and alternative storage technologies, to ensure a stable distribution, reducing operation costs in consumption of energy (for over consumption and billing of contract). For this purpose, the different technological storage alternatives available in the market were studied, according to their technical and economic characteristics. Using this information, commercial software’s were evaluated, and subsequently a tool was designed to integrate all the technologies and simulate multiple scenarios, given a demand and price curve.The designed tool considers decision algorithms for energy management based on the technical characteristics of storage technologies, such as: efficiency, loading and unloading time, residual capacity, load losses and maximum power. The evaluation of the demand curve is based on annual demand, at the time scale for different combinations of storage units, generated by the tool. The developed system was implemented for a demand curve of a mining company with an energy demand that was above the contracted consumption, with a value of 1,060 [MWh / year], incurring an associated economic expense or penalty fee.With the implemented tool, 106 combinations of configurations were evaluated based on: capacitors, flywheels, batteries (Lead, Lithium, Nickel and Sodium), and hydrogen cells, which in total added the evaluation of 7 different technological alternatives with modular powers of 1 [MW], and 500 [kW] in the case of capacitors. This evaluation was carried out for 4 generation scenarios, given the geographic and climatic conditions of the mining company, considering the use of wind energy 1200 [kW] and photovoltaic 1600 [kW], and their combination, considering in turn a fourth case without generation.The results of the simulation of the four cases evaluated showed total purchase values (at 120 [USD / MWh]) and energy sales (at 55 [USD / MWh]), associated with the operation of the storage system, of which those cases with higher economic income were selected, resulting in the first three cases, the modules based on 1000 [kW] of lead-acid batteries (“LAB”), while for the fourth case, a negative balance between economic income and outcome was obtained, discarding this option. Finally, the economic evaluation of the first three configurations ("PV + LAB", "WT + LAB", "PV + WT + LAB") was carried out, in a 10-year evaluation framework, resulting in an unfeasible outcome, due to the prices of the current market, associated to technologies and energy, resulting the evaluation tool of utility for the analysis of the case. Therefore, it was concluded that, for the case of study, it should continue paying the penalty fee for energy overconsumption. Regarding the design of the evaluation tool, it’s utility was verified for the analysis of different storage units and their combinatorial, being able to project it´s use in new cases of study (industrial or residential sector) for commercial and/or educational purposes.
With an effective availability of 1000 GW of non-conventional renewable energy resources (NCRE), Chile currently has an electric energy matrix with an approximate consumption of 23 GW, highly dependent on fossil fuels, which come from imports, generating a condition of energy vulnerability. The rest of the generation is based on 27% of hydroelectric plants and only 18% of non-conventional renewable energies (NCRE), both dependent on weather conditions. To the date there are policies that commit investments in NCRE, yet there are still limitations associated with generation intermittency and high storage costs in conventional systems.In response to this challenge, the development and implementation of a tool for NCRE resource management is proposed, integrating demand conditions, generation and alternative storage technologies, to ensure a stable distribution, reducing operation costs in consumption of energy (for over consumption and billing of contract). For this purpose, the different technological storage alternatives available in the market were studied, according to their technical and economic characteristics. Using this information, commercial software’s were evaluated, and subsequently a tool was designed to integrate all the technologies and simulate multiple scenarios, given a demand and price curve.The designed tool considers decision algorithms for energy management based on the technical characteristics of storage technologies, such as: efficiency, loading and unloading time, residual capacity, load losses and maximum power. The evaluation of the demand curve is based on annual demand, at the time scale for different combinations of storage units, generated by the tool. The developed system was implemented for a demand curve of a mining company with an energy demand that was above the contracted consumption, with a value of 1,060 [MWh / year], incurring an associated economic expense or penalty fee.With the implemented tool, 106 combinations of configurations were evaluated based on: capacitors, flywheels, batteries (Lead, Lithium, Nickel and Sodium), and hydrogen cells, which in total added the evaluation of 7 different technological alternatives with modular powers of 1 [MW], and 500 [kW] in the case of capacitors. This evaluation was carried out for 4 generation scenarios, given the geographic and climatic conditions of the mining company, considering the use of wind energy 1200 [kW] and photovoltaic 1600 [kW], and their combination, considering in turn a fourth case without generation.The results of the simulation of the four cases evaluated showed total purchase values (at 120 [USD / MWh]) and energy sales (at 55 [USD / MWh]), associated with the operation of the storage system, of which those cases with higher economic income were selected, resulting in the first three cases, the modules based on 1000 [kW] of lead-acid batteries (“LAB”), while for the fourth case, a negative balance between economic income and outcome was obtained, discarding this option. Finally, the economic evaluation of the first three configurations ("PV + LAB", "WT + LAB", "PV + WT + LAB") was carried out, in a 10-year evaluation framework, resulting in an unfeasible outcome, due to the prices of the current market, associated to technologies and energy, resulting the evaluation tool of utility for the analysis of the case. Therefore, it was concluded that, for the case of study, it should continue paying the penalty fee for energy overconsumption. Regarding the design of the evaluation tool, it’s utility was verified for the analysis of different storage units and their combinatorial, being able to project it´s use in new cases of study (industrial or residential sector) for commercial and/or educational purposes.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
CONFIGURACIONES FLEXIBLES, ERNC, GENERACION Y ALMACENAMIENTO, NORTE DE CHILE