Thesis SISTEMAS DE AYUDA A LA NAVEGACIÓN AÉREA EN LOS AERÓDROMOS DE CHILE.
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Date
2010-11
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
INGENIERÍA EN AVIACIÓN COMERCIAL
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
Los Sistemas de Ayuda a la Navegación Aérea han presentado un desarrollo a la par con el avance presente en las aeronaves. Se observa, que este desarrollo se fue haciendo necesario para otorgar un servicio eficiente, seguro, pero principalmente regular, ya que al recorrer la historia de las ayudas a la navegación aérea, existen factores que impidieron que el servicio en sus inicios fuese en “todo tiempo”. Es así como se puede afirmar que prácticamente junto con irrumpir la aviación en el mundo, surgió la necesidad de establecer algún sistema de comunicaciones con la superficie terrestre. Las primeras ayudas a la navegación se basaron en sistemas visuales, pasando por la navegación a estima (destaca la navegación inercial), la navegación autónoma (destaca el ADF/NDB, el VOR y el ILS), la navegación basada en ayudas, hasta la navegación por satélite (GPS es el más conocido), muy utilizada en la actualidad. Chile durante los primeros años de la aviación tuvo un lento desarrollo hasta 1930, y sus primeros y más importante desarrollos fueron impulsados por Arturo Merino Benítez, periodo en donde nació la Fuerza Aérea Chilena, la Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil, y Lan Chile. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en Chile y en especial en el resto de Latinoamérica comenzó a tener una fuerte influencia extranjera (primero de Alemania y luego de Estados Unidos) en desarrollo de tecnologías para la aviación, incluyendo radio ayudas para la navegación, por lo cual se presentó un gran avance en la materia. Posterior a la guerra y hasta 1960 existe un desarrollo en el país, pero es lento, situación que cambio con el Maremoto ocurrido en Mayo de ese año en la ciudad de Valdivia, donde el Sur de Chile quedo prácticamente en el suelo, y el país literalmente desconectado. A partir de entonces, las autoridades tomaron cartas en el asunto, y comenzaron a invertir en desarrollo aeroportuario, y con vital importancia en ayudas a la navegación aérea. En las décadas venideras, Chile estuvo pendiente de los desarrollos presentes, y fue mejorando y aumentando su provisión de radio ayudas. Así se llega a la situación actual de la Red Aeroportuaria Nacional, donde se puede conocer la provisión vigente de servicios de ayudas a la navegación aérea del país, esto permite dar un panorama del desarrollo de Chile en lo referente al tema. Luego de un análisis de los factores geográficos y climáticos que afectan a cada aeródromo, se observa que Chile cuenta con una variada geografía y climatología a lo largo del país. En este aspecto es patente la diferencia entre los factores influyentes en la zona Norte del país, en la zona Sur, y en la zona Austral. Mientras en el Norte las dificultades son principalmente geográficas, en el Sur son a causa del clima, y en la zona Austral es una mezcla de ambas. Queda en claro, que esta situación es lo que más dificulta la regularidad de la actividad aérea. Los más importantes aeropuertos del país (Diego Aracena, Mataveri, Arturo Merino Benítez, Carriel Sur, Tepual y Carlos Ibáñez del Campo), tienen la mayor cantidad de ayudas a la navegación aérea, destacando el sistema ILS en la mayoría de ellos. Estos son los aeródromos que tienen mayor cantidad de operaciones de aterrizajes y despegues. Los aeródromos más pequeños (La Florida, Pichoy, Cañal Bajo, Balmaceda), cuentan con radio ayudas básicas, como VOR/DME y NDB. Estos son los aeródromos con la menor cantidad de operaciones. Finalmente, se establece que los aeródromos del país que necesitan una mejora en su provisión de radio ayudas son los siguientes:Aeródromo La FloridaAeropuerto Mataveri Aeródromo PichoyAeródromo Cañal BajoAeropuerto El TepualAeródromo BalmacedaAeropuerto Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Los sistemas de ayudas a la navegación aérea que se propusieron para mejorar el servicio otorgado constan principalmente en 2 sistemas:Sistema de Aterrizaje Instrumental o ILS, ya sea Categoría II o III.Vigilancia Dependiente Automática o ADS. El costo total de la aplicación de los sistemas propuestos para la red de aeródromos del país asciende a: US $26.000.000, y el periodo de recuperación de la inversión sería desde 1 año a 14años dependiendo del aeródromo en estudio.
Support Systems for Air Navigation have presented a development parallelwith progress in aircraft. It is noted that this development was making necessary to provide an efficient, safe, but mainlyregular service, because movingaround the history of air navigation aids, there are factors that preventedthatthe service in thebeginning was "full time”.Thus,itcan say that practicallywith the breaking ofaviationin the world, arosethe need to establish a communications system with the earth's surface.The first navigation aids were based on visual systems, from the dead reckoning (highlights inertial navigation), the autonomous navigation (the ADF / NDB, VOR and ILS), the navigation based in aid, to Satellite Navigation (GPS is the best known), widely used today.Chile during the early years of aviation had a slow development until 1930, and its first and most important developments were driven by Arturo MerinoBenitez, a period where the Chilean Air Force was created, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, and Lan Chile. During the Second World War, in Chile andspeciallyLatin America began to have a strong foreign influence (first Germany and then the U.S.) in aviationtechnologiesdevelopment, including navigation aids, so it is introduced a breakthrough in this area. After the war and until 1960 there is a development in the country, but it is slow, a situation that changed with the Tsunami occurred in May of that year in the Valdivia city, when the south of Chile was practically on the floor, and the country literally disconnected. Thereafter, the authorities took action on the matter, and began to invest in airport development and with vital importance in air navigation aids. In the coming decades, Chile has been pending for the present developments, and was improving and increasing the provision of radioayudas.Thus it is reached the current state of National Airport Network, where it can be known the current provision of aid services to the country's air navigation, this helps to give an overview of the Chilean development with regard to the issue. After an analysis of geographic and climatic factors affecting each aerodrome, it appears that Chile has avaried geography and climate throughout the country. In this respect, it is clear the difference between the influential factors in the north of the country in the South, and in the austral area. While in the North the difficulties are mainly geographicalin the south are due to climate and the southern area is a mixture of both. It is clear, that this situation is the most difficult to regularity of air activity.The most important airports in the country (Diego Aracena, Mataveri, Arturo Merino Benitez, Carriel Sur Tepual and Carlos Ibañez Del Campo), have the greatest amount of air navigational aids, highlighting the ILS system in most of them. These are the airports with the greatest number of takeoff and landing operations.Smaller airports (La Florida,Pichoy, Channel Bass, Balmaceda), have basic aids such as VOR / DME and NDB. These are the airports with the least amount of operations.Finally, states that airports in the country that need improvement in their provision of radio are:•La Florida Aerodrome•Mataveri Airport•Pichoy Aerodrome•Cañal Bajo Aerodrome•El Tepual Airport•Balmaceda Aerodrome•Carlos Ibáñez Del Campo AirportThe systems of air navigation aids that were proposed to improve the service provided consist mainly in 2 systems:• Instrument Landing System or ILS, either Category II or III.• Automatic Dependent Surveillance or ADS.The total cost of implementing the proposed systems for the airport network in the country amounts to U.S. $ 26.000.000 and the payback period of investment would be from 1 year to 14 years depending on the airport under study.
Support Systems for Air Navigation have presented a development parallelwith progress in aircraft. It is noted that this development was making necessary to provide an efficient, safe, but mainlyregular service, because movingaround the history of air navigation aids, there are factors that preventedthatthe service in thebeginning was "full time”.Thus,itcan say that practicallywith the breaking ofaviationin the world, arosethe need to establish a communications system with the earth's surface.The first navigation aids were based on visual systems, from the dead reckoning (highlights inertial navigation), the autonomous navigation (the ADF / NDB, VOR and ILS), the navigation based in aid, to Satellite Navigation (GPS is the best known), widely used today.Chile during the early years of aviation had a slow development until 1930, and its first and most important developments were driven by Arturo MerinoBenitez, a period where the Chilean Air Force was created, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, and Lan Chile. During the Second World War, in Chile andspeciallyLatin America began to have a strong foreign influence (first Germany and then the U.S.) in aviationtechnologiesdevelopment, including navigation aids, so it is introduced a breakthrough in this area. After the war and until 1960 there is a development in the country, but it is slow, a situation that changed with the Tsunami occurred in May of that year in the Valdivia city, when the south of Chile was practically on the floor, and the country literally disconnected. Thereafter, the authorities took action on the matter, and began to invest in airport development and with vital importance in air navigation aids. In the coming decades, Chile has been pending for the present developments, and was improving and increasing the provision of radioayudas.Thus it is reached the current state of National Airport Network, where it can be known the current provision of aid services to the country's air navigation, this helps to give an overview of the Chilean development with regard to the issue. After an analysis of geographic and climatic factors affecting each aerodrome, it appears that Chile has avaried geography and climate throughout the country. In this respect, it is clear the difference between the influential factors in the north of the country in the South, and in the austral area. While in the North the difficulties are mainly geographicalin the south are due to climate and the southern area is a mixture of both. It is clear, that this situation is the most difficult to regularity of air activity.The most important airports in the country (Diego Aracena, Mataveri, Arturo Merino Benitez, Carriel Sur Tepual and Carlos Ibañez Del Campo), have the greatest amount of air navigational aids, highlighting the ILS system in most of them. These are the airports with the greatest number of takeoff and landing operations.Smaller airports (La Florida,Pichoy, Channel Bass, Balmaceda), have basic aids such as VOR / DME and NDB. These are the airports with the least amount of operations.Finally, states that airports in the country that need improvement in their provision of radio are:•La Florida Aerodrome•Mataveri Airport•Pichoy Aerodrome•Cañal Bajo Aerodrome•El Tepual Airport•Balmaceda Aerodrome•Carlos Ibáñez Del Campo AirportThe systems of air navigation aids that were proposed to improve the service provided consist mainly in 2 systems:• Instrument Landing System or ILS, either Category II or III.• Automatic Dependent Surveillance or ADS.The total cost of implementing the proposed systems for the airport network in the country amounts to U.S. $ 26.000.000 and the payback period of investment would be from 1 year to 14 years depending on the airport under study.
Description
Keywords
NAVEGACION (Aeronáutica), AEROPUERTOS
