Thesis Estudio comparativo de impacto ambiental para la aplicación de vehículos eléctricos en minería, usando el análisis de ciclo de vida
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Date
2021
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil de Minas
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
La minería, actualmente, se enfrenta a un mercado energético y marco regulatorio normativo evolutivo que presiona a la industria a mejorar frecuentemente su estrategia y toma de decisiones en pro de una minería sustentable. Una solución a la par con el desarrollo tecnológico es la aplicación de maquinaria eléctrica, la que, aún en la actualidad, genera cierta incertidumbre en torno a su impacto real en el medioambiente. Debido a esto, el estudio tiene como objetivo principal evaluar los impactos ambientales asociados al uso de vehículos eléctricos en comparación a los impactos ambientales provenientes de los vehículos convencionales diésel en la minería de Chile, utilizando el análisis de ciclo de vida como una herramienta metodológica y cuantitativa. El estudio analiza los impactos ambientales en torno a tres alcances principales: la manufactura de los equipos, la matriz energética (producción eléctrica y de combustible), y, la operación de ambos equipos.
Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación de camiones bajo perfil eléctrico a batería tiene un mayor impacto ambiental en 14 de las 18 categorías estudiadas. Dentro de estas, se destaca el potencial de cambio climático el cual tiene como principal precursor las emisiones de dióxido de carbono. Por otro lado, de acuerdo con lo obtenido dentro de los tres alcances estudiados, el vehículo eléctrico presenta mayores impactos tanto en la manufactura (en las 18 categorías estudiadas) como en el análisis derivado de la matriz energética. Aun así, al considerar el alcance de la operación, el vehículo diésel presenta en promedio un 30.52% más de impacto ambiental que la operación del vehículo eléctrico.
Considerando lo anterior, y desde una mirada integral de todo el ciclo de vida de los vehículos, el vehículo eléctrico presenta mayores impactos en una mayor cantidad de categorías en comparación al vehículo diésel, siendo el punto crítico (en donde se obtuvieron los mayores impactos ambientales) la producción de electricidad y combustible diésel. No obstante, desde una perspectiva del alcance operacional, el vehículo eléctrico tiene una ventaja comparativa frente a las emisiones directas generadas en los vehículos diésel, teniendo este último, mayores impactos en su operación en comparación a la operación del vehículo eléctrico.
Mining is currently facing an evolving energy market and regulatory framework that puts pressure on the industry to frequently improve its strategy and decision making in favor of sustainable mining. A solution on par with technological development is the application of electric machinery, which, even today, generates some uncertainty about its real impact on the environment. Due to this, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the use of electric vehicles in comparison to the environmental impacts of conventional diesel vehicles in mining in Chile, using life cycle assessment as a methodological and quantitative tool. The study analyzes the environmental impacts around three main scopes: the manufacture of the equipment, the energy matrix (electric and fuel production), and the operation of both equipment. Mining is currently facing an evolving energy market and regulatory framework that puts pressure on the industry to frequently improve its strategy and decision making in favor of sustainable mining. A solution on par with technological development is the application of electric machinery, which, even today, generates some uncertainty about its real impact on the environment. Due to this, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the use of electric vehicles in comparison to the environmental impacts of conventional diesel vehicles in mining in Chile, using life cycle assessment as a methodological and quantitative tool. The study analyzes the environmental impacts around three main scopes: the manufacture of the equipment, the energy matrix (electric and fuel production), and the operation of both equipment. Considering the above, and from an integral view of the entire life cycle of the vehicles, the electric vehicle presents greater impacts in a greater number of categories compared to the diesel vehicle, with the critical point (where the greatest environmental impacts were obtained) being the production of electricity and diesel fuel. However, from an operational scope perspective, the electric vehicle has a comparative advantage over the direct emissions generated by diesel vehicles, with the latter having greater impacts in its operation compared to the operation of the electric vehicle.
Mining is currently facing an evolving energy market and regulatory framework that puts pressure on the industry to frequently improve its strategy and decision making in favor of sustainable mining. A solution on par with technological development is the application of electric machinery, which, even today, generates some uncertainty about its real impact on the environment. Due to this, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the use of electric vehicles in comparison to the environmental impacts of conventional diesel vehicles in mining in Chile, using life cycle assessment as a methodological and quantitative tool. The study analyzes the environmental impacts around three main scopes: the manufacture of the equipment, the energy matrix (electric and fuel production), and the operation of both equipment. Mining is currently facing an evolving energy market and regulatory framework that puts pressure on the industry to frequently improve its strategy and decision making in favor of sustainable mining. A solution on par with technological development is the application of electric machinery, which, even today, generates some uncertainty about its real impact on the environment. Due to this, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the use of electric vehicles in comparison to the environmental impacts of conventional diesel vehicles in mining in Chile, using life cycle assessment as a methodological and quantitative tool. The study analyzes the environmental impacts around three main scopes: the manufacture of the equipment, the energy matrix (electric and fuel production), and the operation of both equipment. Considering the above, and from an integral view of the entire life cycle of the vehicles, the electric vehicle presents greater impacts in a greater number of categories compared to the diesel vehicle, with the critical point (where the greatest environmental impacts were obtained) being the production of electricity and diesel fuel. However, from an operational scope perspective, the electric vehicle has a comparative advantage over the direct emissions generated by diesel vehicles, with the latter having greater impacts in its operation compared to the operation of the electric vehicle.
Description
Keywords
Análisis del impacto ambiental, Vehículos eléctricos, Minería, Maquinaria minera
