Thesis DESARROLLO DE UN SISTEMA START&STOP PARA CAMIONES MINEROS EN LA INDUSTRIA NACIONAL
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Date
2015-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA. INGENIERÍA CIVIL MECÁNICA
Campus
Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
El presente informe tiene como objetivo mostrar los beneficios que significarían para la industria
minera la introducción del sistema Star&Stop, ya sea para enfrentar desafíos de competitividad
energética como de sostenibilidad ambiental disminuyendo emisiones. La modificación de esta
tecnología, en su inicio, se ha enfocado en los camiones fuera de carretera utilizados en la minería de
rajo abierto, esto debido principalmente al alto consumo de combustible que presentan y los tiempos
de lucro cesante que tienen.
Se identifican 2 situaciones de lucro cesante como alto potencial para el sistema, espera carga y espera
descarga, estos tiempos se estima varían entre las 600 y 850 horas anuales por camión las que
significan entre 21.250 y 32.400 litros de combustible al año por camión estando el motor en ralentí.
Debido al turbo que ha de funcionar a veces hasta 3 minutos después de detenido el vehículo, los
tiempos de lucro cesante no serían 100% aprovechables, pudiendo ser reducidos hasta en un 45%.
Considerando esto y la estimación del precio del combustible hecha en base a los precios de mayorista
de la ENAP para el 23 de Septiembre del 2015 equivalente a 451,55USD/m3, se ha llegado a que el
potencial anual estaría entre 8.000 y 14.600 USD para los camiones de mayor consumo y entre 5.300 y
9.600 USD para los de menor consumo.
Se recalca también, como el precio del combustible es un factor determinante al momento de tomar la
decisión de incorporar esta tecnología, si bien actualmente el petróleo se encuentra en su punto más
bajo de los últimos años, expertos aclaran que su precio de equilibrio sería un 25% más alto del actual
significando a su vez que los potenciales de ahorro podrían llegar a ser un 25% mayores.
Además, se hace un análisis de emisiones reducidas al implementar el sistema, el cual dio como
resultado que se verían disminuidas en por lo menos 29 toneladas de CO 2 por camión anualmente y,
dependiendo de las situaciones de la mina y camiones, se estima que podría llegar a 68 toneladas o
incluso más.
Al ser esta una tecnología relativamente nueva hay distintas variables que no han sido estudiadas a
fondo, las cuales pueden implicar aumentos en los costos de mantención como cambios en los tiempos
destinados a estas. Considerando los riesgos tecnológicos: la vida útil de las baterías, vida útil de los
motores de partida y alcalinidad del aceite; y que si bien no se espera sufran mayores cambios puede
que se vean afectados de forma negativa, recalcando la importancia de ser considerados y
monitoreados al tomar la decisión de adoptar la tecnología.
The objective of the following report is to show the benefits that would mean to the mining industry to introduce the Start&Stop system, which would be to confront the challenges of energy competitiveness or environmental sustainability. In the beginning the modification of this technology has been focused on the mining off road trucks that work on the open pit mines, this mainly because of the high fuel consumption and the lost profit time they have. There are 2 lost profit situations identified as high potential for the system: waiting for charging and waiting for discharging, this times are estimated to oscillate between 600 and 850 annual hours per truck which means between 21.250 and 32.400 litters of fuel annually per truck being idle. Due to the turbocharger that sometimes has to work up to 3 minutes after the vehicle has stopped the lost profit times wouldn’t be 100% profitable with the chance to be reduced in a 45%. Considering this and the estimation of the fuel price based on wholesale price of ENAP for September 23 2015 equivalent to 451,55 USD/m3 it has been concluded that the annual potential would be between 8.000 and 14.600 USD for the higher consumption trucks and between 5.300 and 9600 USD for the lower consumption trucks. It is emphasized how the fuel price is a determinant factor at the moment to take the decision to incorporate this technology, nowadays the oil price is one of the lowest in many years, but experts say that the equilibrium price would be a 25% higher which means that the savings potential would be 25% higher too. In addition, an analysis is made about the emissions reduced by implementing the system which gave as a result that it would be reduced by at least 29 tons of CO 2 per truck annually and, depending on the situations of the mine and trucks, it could reach 68 tons or even more. As this is a relatively new technology there are different variables that have not been thoroughly studied which may involve increases in maintenance costs as well as changes in the time for them. Considering the technological risks: the life of the batteries, the life of the starters and alkalinity of oil; and although it is not expected to suffer major changes, they may be affected negatively, stressing the importance to be considered and monitored when making the decision to adopt this technology.
The objective of the following report is to show the benefits that would mean to the mining industry to introduce the Start&Stop system, which would be to confront the challenges of energy competitiveness or environmental sustainability. In the beginning the modification of this technology has been focused on the mining off road trucks that work on the open pit mines, this mainly because of the high fuel consumption and the lost profit time they have. There are 2 lost profit situations identified as high potential for the system: waiting for charging and waiting for discharging, this times are estimated to oscillate between 600 and 850 annual hours per truck which means between 21.250 and 32.400 litters of fuel annually per truck being idle. Due to the turbocharger that sometimes has to work up to 3 minutes after the vehicle has stopped the lost profit times wouldn’t be 100% profitable with the chance to be reduced in a 45%. Considering this and the estimation of the fuel price based on wholesale price of ENAP for September 23 2015 equivalent to 451,55 USD/m3 it has been concluded that the annual potential would be between 8.000 and 14.600 USD for the higher consumption trucks and between 5.300 and 9600 USD for the lower consumption trucks. It is emphasized how the fuel price is a determinant factor at the moment to take the decision to incorporate this technology, nowadays the oil price is one of the lowest in many years, but experts say that the equilibrium price would be a 25% higher which means that the savings potential would be 25% higher too. In addition, an analysis is made about the emissions reduced by implementing the system which gave as a result that it would be reduced by at least 29 tons of CO 2 per truck annually and, depending on the situations of the mine and trucks, it could reach 68 tons or even more. As this is a relatively new technology there are different variables that have not been thoroughly studied which may involve increases in maintenance costs as well as changes in the time for them. Considering the technological risks: the life of the batteries, the life of the starters and alkalinity of oil; and although it is not expected to suffer major changes, they may be affected negatively, stressing the importance to be considered and monitored when making the decision to adopt this technology.
Description
Keywords
STAR&STOP
