Thesis ESTUDIO DE FACTORES RELEVANTES EN LA OPERACIÓN Y MANTENIMIENTO DE CENTRALES FOTOVOLTAICAS DE GRAN ESCALA EN EL NORTE DE CHILE.
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Date
2013-07
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA. MAGÍSTER EN ECONOMÍA ENERGÉTICA
Campus
Campus Vitacura, Santiago
Abstract
La generación de energía eléctrica mediante la tecnología fotovoltaica es posible gracias al fenómeno fotovoltaico, el cual permite de forma directa producir electricidad a partir de la radiación solar. La tecnología hoy avanza hacia una mayor eficiencia, hoy alcanza alrededor de los 15%;acompañado de una mayor confiabilidad y menor costo, hoy los paneles en base a Silicio son los preponderantes en el mercado. Por otro lado, si bien es necesario una gran cantidad de elementos, en su mayoría módulos, en la composición de una central FV la diversidad de componentes es baja, lo cual permite que su O&M demuestre baja complejidad a simple vista. El mercado FV opera hoy a la baja en sus costos debido a cambios en políticas de subsidios en Europa principalmente, y la maduración de la tecnología, permitiendo que la tecnología sea cada vez más atractiva desarrollar, más aun cuando en el norte del país se tienen las radiaciones solares mundiales más favorables junto a otros parámetros como: velocidad del viento, temperatura ambiental, humedad relativa y nubosidad, que también son importantes de considerar en la O&M. Sin embargo, la capacidad instalada dé la tecnología en el país solo alcanza los 3,5 MW, pero con una proyección a aumentar esta potencia fuertemente, ya que existen más de 68 MW declarados en construcción. Las actividades de O&M son realizadas mediante un balance entre los costos y beneficios que conllevan, además, deben ser considerados aspectos de perdidas debido a condiciones del lugar, como perdidas por: condiciones no ideales, mis match, suciedad, angulares, cableado, temperatura, sombre amiento y rendimiento del inversor. Dentro de las actividades destacan el mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo, siendo el primero el más deseable y el objetivo es mantener las perdidas expuestas al mínimo y con una disponibilidad cercana al 99%.El equipo critico en estas instalaciones, tanto por los costos, número de fallas y energía perdida por las mismas, es el inversor. En la experiencia nacional en O&M destaca que si bien las centrales se encuentran en una zona cercana (norte de Chile), la programación y forma de cómo se realizan las actividades de O&M son distintas, especialmente comparando las centrales Calama Solar 3 y La Huayca. En cuanto a costos de O&M, existen aproximaciones entre los 6 a 60 US$/kW-año, donde depende en general del tamaño, configuración, tecnología y tipo de seguimiento utilizado, donde un 90%de estos costos se utilizan en mantenimiento preventivo y el restante en mantenimiento correctivo. Utilizando información de costos de O&M de la central Tamil Nadu (India) el cual alcanza los 15.126 US$/MW-año, una oferta por O&M de Sun Edison para una central el norte del país alcanza los 18.000 US$/MW-año y el cálculo realizado el cual asciende a 28.374 US$/MW-año, estas diferencias vienen dadas por diferentes realidades laborales de los lugares y por economías de escala en el servicio de O&M.
Theelectricity generation by photovoltaic technology is possible by the photovoltaic phenomenon, which can produce electricity directly from sunlight, technology today is moving towards efficiency, now reaches about 15%, accompanied by greater reliability and lower cost. Today, silicon-based panels are predominant in the market. Furthermore, it is necessary a large number of elements, most modules, but the component diversity of a PV plant is low, which O&M show low complexity at plain sight.The PV market operates today with decreased prices due to changes in European subsidy policies and technology maturation, allowing PV technology to be attractive to develop, even more when in the north of the country have most favorable solar radiation in the world with other parameters such as wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and cloudiness, which according to O&M are really important factors to consider. However, the installed capacityin the country only reaches 3.5 MW, but with a high increase projection, because there are more than 68 MW declared in construction.Activities of O&M are made by a balance between the costs and benefits involved, and should be considered loss aspects due to place conditions, such as lost by non-ideal conditions, mismatch, dirt, angular, wires, temperature, shading and inverter performance. The activities include preventive and corrective maintenance, the first being the most desirable and the objective is to keep losses to a minimum and set an availability close to 99%.The critical equipment in these facilities, by costs, number of failures and energy lost, is the inverter.National experience in O&M said although plants are in a nearby area (north of Chile), programming and method of O&M activities are different, especially comparing the Calama Solar 3 central and La Huayca central.Regarding O&M costs, there are approximations between 6 to 60 US$/kW-year, which generally depends on the size, configuration, technology and type of tracking used, where 90% of these costs are used for preventive maintenance and the remaining to corrective maintenance. Using Tamil Nadu Plant O&M data (India) which reaches 15,126 US$/MW-year, the O&M SunEdison offer for a FV plant at north of Chile reaches 18,000 US$/MW-year and the calculation which amounts to 28,374 US$/MW-year, these differences are given by different labor realities and scale economies in O&M service.
Theelectricity generation by photovoltaic technology is possible by the photovoltaic phenomenon, which can produce electricity directly from sunlight, technology today is moving towards efficiency, now reaches about 15%, accompanied by greater reliability and lower cost. Today, silicon-based panels are predominant in the market. Furthermore, it is necessary a large number of elements, most modules, but the component diversity of a PV plant is low, which O&M show low complexity at plain sight.The PV market operates today with decreased prices due to changes in European subsidy policies and technology maturation, allowing PV technology to be attractive to develop, even more when in the north of the country have most favorable solar radiation in the world with other parameters such as wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and cloudiness, which according to O&M are really important factors to consider. However, the installed capacityin the country only reaches 3.5 MW, but with a high increase projection, because there are more than 68 MW declared in construction.Activities of O&M are made by a balance between the costs and benefits involved, and should be considered loss aspects due to place conditions, such as lost by non-ideal conditions, mismatch, dirt, angular, wires, temperature, shading and inverter performance. The activities include preventive and corrective maintenance, the first being the most desirable and the objective is to keep losses to a minimum and set an availability close to 99%.The critical equipment in these facilities, by costs, number of failures and energy lost, is the inverter.National experience in O&M said although plants are in a nearby area (north of Chile), programming and method of O&M activities are different, especially comparing the Calama Solar 3 central and La Huayca central.Regarding O&M costs, there are approximations between 6 to 60 US$/kW-year, which generally depends on the size, configuration, technology and type of tracking used, where 90% of these costs are used for preventive maintenance and the remaining to corrective maintenance. Using Tamil Nadu Plant O&M data (India) which reaches 15,126 US$/MW-year, the O&M SunEdison offer for a FV plant at north of Chile reaches 18,000 US$/MW-year and the calculation which amounts to 28,374 US$/MW-year, these differences are given by different labor realities and scale economies in O&M service.
Description
Keywords
GENERACION FOTOVOLTAICA DE ENERGIA, SISTEMAS DE ENERGIA FOTOVOLTAICA, PLANTAS DE ENERGIA SOLAR