Thesis Relación entre hábitos alimenticios y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de segundo medio: comparación usando datos entre 2018 y 2022
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Date
2025-08-11
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Program
Ingeniería Civil Industrial
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Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
El presente estudio analiza la relación entre los hábitos alimenticios —específicamente el consumo de colaciones saludables y golosinas y el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de segundo medio en Chile, medido mediante los puntajes SIMCE en Matemática y Lenguaje, comparando un año prepandemia (2018) y uno pospandemia (2022). La investigación utiliza bases de datos oficiales del SIMCE, aplicando procesos de limpieza, transformación y creación de variables para modelar las relaciones mediante regresiones lineales multivariadas, controlando por factores sociodemográficos, económicos y educativos. Los resultados muestran que el consumo frecuente de golosinas se asocia de forma negativa, estadísticamente significativa y consistente con los puntajes en ambas asignaturas, con un gradiente claro de impacto a mayor frecuencia de consumo. Por el contrario, las colaciones saludables presentan asociaciones débiles e inconsistentes, sin un patrón uniforme entre categorías. Variables como el nivel socioeconómico, la educación parental y el tipo de dependencia escolar mantienen un peso positivo relevante sobre el rendimiento académico. La comparación entre periodos indica que el efecto adverso de las golosinas persiste y se intensifica levemente en Lenguaje en 2022, mientras que en Matemática se mantiene con ligeras variaciones. En cuanto a la dispersión de puntajes, esta aumenta en Lenguaje y disminuye levemente en Matemática, lo que sugiere un patrón mixto de heterogeneidad y posibles brechas educativas diferenciadas tras la pandemia. El estudio concluye que las políticas públicas deben integrar la promoción de hábitos alimenticios saludables con medidas que reduzcan desigualdades estructurales, fortaleciendo tanto la alimentación escolar como el capital educativo y cultural de las familias.
This study examines the relationship between eating habits—specifically the consumption of healthy snacks and sweets—and the academic performance of Chilean 10th-grade students measured through SIMCE scores in Mathematics and Language, comparing a pre- andemic year (2018) with a post-pandemic year (2022). Official SIMCE databases were processed through data cleaning, variable transformation, and the creation of new indicators. Multivariate linear regression models were applied, controlling for sociodemographic, economic, and educational factors. Findings reveal that frequent consumption of sweets is negatively, significantly, and consistently associated with scores in both subjects, showing a clear gradient with higher frequency of consumption. In contrast, healthy snacks exhibit weak and inconsistent associations without a uniform pattern across categories. Socioeconomic status, parental education, and school type remain strong positive predictors of academic achievement. Comparative analysis indicates that the negative effect of sweets persisted and slightly increased in Language in 2022, while remaining stable with minor variations in Mathematics. Score dispersion increased in Language but slightly decreased in Mathematics, suggesting a mixed pattern of heterogeneity and differentiated educational gaps in the post-pandemic context. The study concludes that public policies should combine the promotion of healthy eating habits with strategies aimed at reducing structural inequalities, reinforcing both school feeding programs and the educational and cultural capital of families.
This study examines the relationship between eating habits—specifically the consumption of healthy snacks and sweets—and the academic performance of Chilean 10th-grade students measured through SIMCE scores in Mathematics and Language, comparing a pre- andemic year (2018) with a post-pandemic year (2022). Official SIMCE databases were processed through data cleaning, variable transformation, and the creation of new indicators. Multivariate linear regression models were applied, controlling for sociodemographic, economic, and educational factors. Findings reveal that frequent consumption of sweets is negatively, significantly, and consistently associated with scores in both subjects, showing a clear gradient with higher frequency of consumption. In contrast, healthy snacks exhibit weak and inconsistent associations without a uniform pattern across categories. Socioeconomic status, parental education, and school type remain strong positive predictors of academic achievement. Comparative analysis indicates that the negative effect of sweets persisted and slightly increased in Language in 2022, while remaining stable with minor variations in Mathematics. Score dispersion increased in Language but slightly decreased in Mathematics, suggesting a mixed pattern of heterogeneity and differentiated educational gaps in the post-pandemic context. The study concludes that public policies should combine the promotion of healthy eating habits with strategies aimed at reducing structural inequalities, reinforcing both school feeding programs and the educational and cultural capital of families.
Description
Keywords
Hábitos alimenticios, Colaciones saludables, Rendimiento académico, Regresión lineal multivariada, Desigualdades educativas
