Thesis EFECTO DEL PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO EN LA CONTAMINACION POR CO2 EN CHILE, PERIODO 1960-2006.
Loading...
Date
2010-09
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
DEPARTAMENTO DE INDUSTRIAS. INGENIERÍA CIVIL INDUSTRIAL
Campus
Campus Vitacura, Santiago
Abstract
La industrialización es un elemento esencial del crecimiento económico en los países en desarrollo, este proceso puede tener también consecuencias negativas sobre la salud ambiental como resultado de la liberación de contaminantes en el aire y el agua y dela eliminación de residuos peligrosos. La contaminación industrial es un problema más complejo en los países en desarrollo que en las economías desarrolladas. Los obstáculos estructurales que dificultan la prevención y limpieza de la contaminación son mayores. Esos obstáculos son en gran parte económicos, pues los países en desarrollo no poseen los recursos necesarios para controlar la contaminación en la misma medida en que lo hacen los países desarrollados. Por otra parte, los efectos de la contaminación pueden ser muy costosos para una sociedad en desarrollo en términos de salud, residuos, degradación del medio ambiente, reducción de la calidad de vida y coste de limpieza en el futuro. En los países en desarrollo, la industria suele funcionar con poco capital en comparación con los países desarrollados, y los fondos de inversión de que dispone se dedican en primer lugar a la adquisición del equipo y los recursos necesarios para la producción. Además, tradicionalmente, los economistas consideran “improductivo” el capital destinado a la lucha contra la contaminación, pues no genera un incremento de la producción ni de los rendimientos financieros. Pero la realidad es más compleja. Es posible que invertir en la lucha contra la contaminación no produzca un rendimiento directo evidente para la empresa o el sector, pero ello no significa que sea una inversión no rentable. En muchos casos se logra disminuir costos, como por ejemplo, industrias que implementan técnicas de reuso de agua logran minimizar costos con la cuenta de agua utilizada en el proceso productivo además de disminuir los costos con los tratamientos de efluentes. Además en el mercado internacional los productos orgánicos poseen valores altamente rentables para los productores. Algo que sucede con frecuencia en los países en desarrollo, que prestan menos atención a la protección ambiental, es que las normas ambientales suelen ser inadecuadas o no se aplican eficazmente y aún no están plenamente desarrolladas las técnicas de lucha contra la contaminación. Con el rápido desarrollo económico, muchos países en desarrollo, como China, Tailandia, Brasil, Argentina y otros, se enfrentan a nuevos problemas ambientales.
En la práctica, raras veces se dispone de capital para invertir en equipos de control de la contaminación, a menos que la normativa oficial presione en ese sentido. Sin embargo, es muy infrecuente que los gobiernos se sientan motivados a regular la industria si no tienen razones apremiantes para ello y se ven presionados por sus ciudadanos. En la mayoría de los países desarrollados, la población tiene una razonable seguridad en materia de salud y de vida, y esperan mejorar su calidad de vida, algo que asocian con un entorno más limpio. Como hay más seguridad económica, esos ciudadanos están más dispuestos a aceptar un aparente sacrificio económico para conseguir un medio ambiente más limpio. En cambio, y para ser competitivos en los mercados mundiales, muchos países en desarrollo se muestran reacios a imponer normas a sus industrias. Al contrario, esperan que el crecimiento industrial de hoy conduzca a una sociedad del mañana suficientemente rica para corregir la contaminación. Esta memoria intenta explicar mediante modelos estadísticos, la situación de Chile con respecto a otros países, mediante variables tales como el consumo de energía, la población y el producto interno bruto, en la cual se intenta saber si existe relación entre estas variables y la emisión de CO2.
Industrialization is an essential element of economic growth in developing countries, this process can also have negative consequences on the environmental health as a result of the release of pollutants into the air and water and disposal of hazardous waste. Industrial pollution is a more complex problem in developing countries than in developed economies. The structural barriers to prevention and cleanup of contamination are higher. These constraints are largely economic, since developing countries do not have the resources to control pollution as much as they do in developed countries. Moreover, the effects of pollution can be very expensive for a developing society in terms of health, waste, environmental degradation, reduced quality of life and cost of cleaning in the future.In developing countries, the industry tends to operate with little capital in comparison with developed countries, and investment funds that have devoted primarily to the acquisition of equipment and resources needed for production. In addition, traditionally, economists considered "unproductive" capital for the fight against pollution, since it generates an increase in production or financial returns. But the reality is more complex. You may invest in pollution control will not produce a clear direct return for the company or the industry, but this does not mean it's an unprofitable investment. In many cases, decreasing costs, for example, industries that implement water reuse techniques are able to minimize costs to the account of water used in the production process in addition to reducing costs with the treatment of effluents. Also on the international market for organic products have values highly profitable for producers. Something that happens frequently in developing countries, which pay less attention to environmental protection,is that environmental standards are often inadequate or not implemented effectively and are not yet fully developed the techniques to combat pollution. With the rapid economic development, many developing countries such as China, Thailand, Brazil, Argentina and others, are facing new environmental problems. In practice, rarely have the capital to invest in equipment for pollution control, unless the official presseslegislation in that regard. However, it is very rare that motivated governments to regulate the industry if they have compelling reasons for it and are pressured by their citizens. In most developed countries, people have a reasonable assurance of health and life, and hope to improve their quality of life, something they associate with a cleaner environment. Since there ismore economic security, these citizens are more willing to accept an apparent expense to achieve a cleaner environment. Instead, and to be competitive in world markets, many developing countries are reluctant to impose standards on their industries. On the contrary, they expect today's industrial growth will lead to tomorrow's society rich enough to correct the contamination. This report tries to explain throughstatistical models, the situation of Chile in relation to other countries, using variables such as energy consumption, population and gross domestic product, in which he triesto find a possible relationship between these variables and the emission CO2.
Industrialization is an essential element of economic growth in developing countries, this process can also have negative consequences on the environmental health as a result of the release of pollutants into the air and water and disposal of hazardous waste. Industrial pollution is a more complex problem in developing countries than in developed economies. The structural barriers to prevention and cleanup of contamination are higher. These constraints are largely economic, since developing countries do not have the resources to control pollution as much as they do in developed countries. Moreover, the effects of pollution can be very expensive for a developing society in terms of health, waste, environmental degradation, reduced quality of life and cost of cleaning in the future.In developing countries, the industry tends to operate with little capital in comparison with developed countries, and investment funds that have devoted primarily to the acquisition of equipment and resources needed for production. In addition, traditionally, economists considered "unproductive" capital for the fight against pollution, since it generates an increase in production or financial returns. But the reality is more complex. You may invest in pollution control will not produce a clear direct return for the company or the industry, but this does not mean it's an unprofitable investment. In many cases, decreasing costs, for example, industries that implement water reuse techniques are able to minimize costs to the account of water used in the production process in addition to reducing costs with the treatment of effluents. Also on the international market for organic products have values highly profitable for producers. Something that happens frequently in developing countries, which pay less attention to environmental protection,is that environmental standards are often inadequate or not implemented effectively and are not yet fully developed the techniques to combat pollution. With the rapid economic development, many developing countries such as China, Thailand, Brazil, Argentina and others, are facing new environmental problems. In practice, rarely have the capital to invest in equipment for pollution control, unless the official presseslegislation in that regard. However, it is very rare that motivated governments to regulate the industry if they have compelling reasons for it and are pressured by their citizens. In most developed countries, people have a reasonable assurance of health and life, and hope to improve their quality of life, something they associate with a cleaner environment. Since there ismore economic security, these citizens are more willing to accept an apparent expense to achieve a cleaner environment. Instead, and to be competitive in world markets, many developing countries are reluctant to impose standards on their industries. On the contrary, they expect today's industrial growth will lead to tomorrow's society rich enough to correct the contamination. This report tries to explain throughstatistical models, the situation of Chile in relation to other countries, using variables such as energy consumption, population and gross domestic product, in which he triesto find a possible relationship between these variables and the emission CO2.
Description
Keywords
PRODUCTO NACIONAL BRUTO, ECONOMIA -- CHILE, AIRE -- CONTAMINACION -- CHILE