Thesis CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LAHARES OCURRIDOS EN MARZO DE 2015 EN VOLCÁN VILLARRICA MEDIANTE MODELACION NUMÉRICA.
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Date
2017
Journal Title
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Campus
Campus San Joaquín, Santiago
Abstract
El volcán Villarrica (39° 25’S y 71° 56’O) es un estratovolcán ubicado en la cordillera de Los Andes y corresponde a uno de los volcanes más activos de Chile, con registros eruptivos que incluyen producción de lava, flujos y caídas piroclásticas y lahares. Estos últimos han conformado uno de los fenómenos más recurrentes, causando de este modo la gran mayoría de los desastres en el área de estudio, al provocar pérdidas humanas y daños a la infraestructura pública y privada. El poder destructivo de los lahares se debe principalmente a la gran velocidad con que se movilizan y al contenido significativo de sólidos que posee la mezcla agua-sedimentos, que puede incluir a finos, gravas y/o clastos de gran tamaño. Estos fenómenos pueden ser caracterizados mediante modelación numérica, obteniendo alturas de escurrimiento, velocidad de flujo, presión de impacto y área de inundación (alcance). Sin embargo, la capacidad predictiva queda limitada a una buena calibración de los parámetros de entrada, siendo la reología del fluido, el volumen de descarga y la calidad de la topografía digital las variables más relevantes a la hora de modelar.Este estudio se centra en caracterizar el pulso eruptivo del 3 de marzo de 2015, donde se generaron lahares de pequeña envergadura respecto de los predichos por otros estudios (Troncoso, 2014; INH, 2015), mediante la calibración de programas computacionales determinísticos: RAMMS-Debris Flow (Christen, Kowalski, & Bartelt, 2010) y FLO-2D (O'Brien, Julien, & Fullerton, 1993), capaces de predecir el movimiento del flujo sobre topografía digital. Cabe destacar que los eventos de poca envergadura son pertinentes de caracterizar puesto que son más frecuentes en volcanes que presentan una mayor actividad de erupciones del tipo estrombolianas o hawaianas (de menor intensidad), lo que corresponde a eventos manejables desde el punto de vista de la infraestructura.Se utilizan dos herramientas de modelación numérica, ya que éstas integran diferentes leyes de fricción para el fluido, lo que permite comparar su desempeño en las simulaciones realizadas. La calibración se realiza mediante el análisis de los resultados de las simulaciones, que se comparan con observaciones de campo efectuadas por personal del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería.
The Villarrica volcano (39 ° 25'S and 71 ° 56'W) is a stratovolcano located in the Andes mountain and corresponds to one of the most active volcanoes in Chile, with eruptive records that include lava production, flows and pyroclastic falls and lahares. The latter have been one of the most recurrent phenomena, causing in this way the great majority of disasters in the study area, causing human losses and damage to public and private infrastructure. The destructive power of lahars is mainly due to the high velocity with which they are mobilized and to the significant solids content of the water-sediment mixture, which may include large fines, gravels and clasts. These phenomena can be characterized by numerical modeling, obtaining heights of runoff, flow velocity, impact pressure and flood area (reach). However, the predictive capacity is limited to a good calibration of the input parameters, being the fluid rheology, the discharge volume and the quality of the digital topography the most relevant variables when it comes to modeling.This study focuses on characterizing the eruptive pulse of March 3, 2015, where small lahars were generated in relation to those predicted by other studies (Troncoso, 2014, Instituto Nacional de Hidráulica, 2015), by means of the calibration of deterministic computational programs: RAMMS-Debris Flow (Christen, Kowalski, & Bartelt, 2010) and FLO-2D (O'Brien, Julien, & Fullerton, 1993), capable of predicting flow motion on digital topography. It should be noted that small events are relevant to characterize since they are more frequent in volcanoes that present a greater activity of eruptions of the Strombolian or Hawaiian type (of lower intensity), which corresponds to events manageable from the point of view of the infrastructure.Two numerical modeling tools are used, since these integrate different friction laws for the fluid, which allows to compare their performance in the simulations. The calibration is done by analyzing the results of the simulations, which are compared with field observations made by personnel from the National Geology and Mining Service.
The Villarrica volcano (39 ° 25'S and 71 ° 56'W) is a stratovolcano located in the Andes mountain and corresponds to one of the most active volcanoes in Chile, with eruptive records that include lava production, flows and pyroclastic falls and lahares. The latter have been one of the most recurrent phenomena, causing in this way the great majority of disasters in the study area, causing human losses and damage to public and private infrastructure. The destructive power of lahars is mainly due to the high velocity with which they are mobilized and to the significant solids content of the water-sediment mixture, which may include large fines, gravels and clasts. These phenomena can be characterized by numerical modeling, obtaining heights of runoff, flow velocity, impact pressure and flood area (reach). However, the predictive capacity is limited to a good calibration of the input parameters, being the fluid rheology, the discharge volume and the quality of the digital topography the most relevant variables when it comes to modeling.This study focuses on characterizing the eruptive pulse of March 3, 2015, where small lahars were generated in relation to those predicted by other studies (Troncoso, 2014, Instituto Nacional de Hidráulica, 2015), by means of the calibration of deterministic computational programs: RAMMS-Debris Flow (Christen, Kowalski, & Bartelt, 2010) and FLO-2D (O'Brien, Julien, & Fullerton, 1993), capable of predicting flow motion on digital topography. It should be noted that small events are relevant to characterize since they are more frequent in volcanoes that present a greater activity of eruptions of the Strombolian or Hawaiian type (of lower intensity), which corresponds to events manageable from the point of view of the infrastructure.Two numerical modeling tools are used, since these integrate different friction laws for the fluid, which allows to compare their performance in the simulations. The calibration is done by analyzing the results of the simulations, which are compared with field observations made by personnel from the National Geology and Mining Service.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
FLUJO DE DETRITOS, FLUJO HIPERCONCENTRADO, LAHAR, MODELO DE ELEVACION DIGITAL