Thesis EVALUACIÓN TÉCNICA Y ECONÓMICA DE SISTEMA TÉRMICO HÍBRIDO PARA SECADO DE LEÑA EN LA ZONA SUR DE CHILE
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Date
2018
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
En el presente trabajo de memoria de título, se realizó una propuesta técnica y económica de un secador de leña que utiliza energía solar térmica captada por un techo solar activo, y energía proveniente de gases de escape de una caldera utilizada para calefacción.De forma preliminar, se realizó una investigación sobre la composición del combustible sólido forestal, su consumo en Chile y se identificó el principal problema que causa el alto contenido de humedad en la leña. Se estudió la cinética del proceso de secado, las variables termodinámicas que influyen en él, y los mecanismos de transferencia de calor. Se estudiaron las características físicas de la leña y los factores que optimizan su proceso de secado y se presentan los distintos mecanismos de secado que existen en la actualidad.El secador estará ubicado en un edificio perteneciente a la Escuela de Villa Amengual, en la comuna de Lago Verde, XI región. Se seleccionó este establecimiento porque es la fuente fija con mayor consumo de leña no certificada (200 [m3st/año]) de la localidad, lo que implica que emita altas concentraciones de material particulado a la atmosfera.Con un marco teórico identificado sobre el concepto de secado de leña, se propone diseñar un sistema de secado solar activo híbrido, el cual a través de la circulación forzada de aire caliente dentro de una cámara aislada disminuye el contenido de humedad del combustible. Para determinar el requerimiento térmico, se calculó el calor necesario para elevar la temperatura de la estructura y la del volumen de combustible. El aporte energético del sistema solar se calculó a través de la radiación incidente en la zona y la superficie captadora, y el aporte energético de los gases de escape se calculó a partir de la entalpía molar sensible de estos y del poder calorífico del combustible.Se proponen tres soluciones para el secado de la leña, en la primera se consideró un programa de secado de 82,5 [h] y un volumen de 80 [m3st] de leña, en la segunda se modificó el programa de secado a 205,4 [h] y se mantuvo el volumen de 80 [m3st] y en la tercera se conservó el programa de secado de 82,5 [h], pero se disminuyó el volumen a 10 [m3st], concluyendo que los requerimientos térmicos de esta última se ajustan a la disponibilidad térmica existente en la zona.Se realizó una evaluación económica social al sistema de secado, de acuerdo con la metodología del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social, por tanto, se utilizó una tasa de descuento social 6% y un periodo de evaluación de 20 años. Los indicadores económicos sociales concluyeron que el proyecto es recomendable para su implementación, teniendo un VANS de 129,7 [UF] y un TIRS de 24,8%. Para que la implementación se lleve a cabo se presentan distintos fondos de financiamiento estatal para entidades públicas, privadas y sin fines de lucro.Finalmente se evaluó el impacto ambiental que genera el uso de leña seca en la comunidad escolar y en Villa Amengual, donde el secado de 200 [m3st] de leña húmeda equivalen a consumir a 158 [m3st] de leña seca, reduciendo así la emisión de material particulado a la atmosfera en un 72,9%. Además, se evaluó la replicabilidad del sistema de secado en otras localidades de la comuna, dónde su implementación también es favorable ya que la radiación incidente es mayor y tienen una matrícula de alumnos similar a la de Villa Amengual.
This research work was made as a technical and economical proposal of a firewood dryer, which uses thermal solar energy captured by an active solar roof and the exhaust gases energy from a boiler used for heating.Initially, a research was made about the firewood composition, its consumption in Chile, and the main problem derived from its high moisture content. The drying process kinetics were examined, along with the thermodynamic variables that influences it, and the heat transfer mechanisms. Additionally, the firewood physical characteristics and the factors that optimize the drying process were also studied and, furthermore, the different drying mechanism that exist nowadays are provided.The dryer will be in a building located in Villa Amengual School, in the commune of Lago Verde, XI region. This establishment was selected because it is the source of the greatest consumption of non-certified firewood (200 [m3st]) in the location, which means it emits high concentrations of particulate matter into the atmosphere.With the theorical framework on the concept of firewood drying established, it is proposed to design a hybrid active solar drying system which, through the forced circulation of hot air inside an isolated chamber, reduces the fuel moisture content. To determine the thermal requirement, the required heat to raise the temperature of the structure and the fuel volume was calculated. The energy contribution of the solar system was calculated through the incident radiation in the area and the collector surface, while the energy input of the exhaust gases was calculated using their sensible molar enthalpy and the fuel calorific value.Three solutions are proposed for the drying of firewood. The first one considers a drying program of 82,5 [h] and a volume of 80 [m3st] of firewood, the second one modifies the drying program to 205,4 [h] and maintains the volume of 80 [m3st], and the third one conserves the drying program of 82,5 [h], while decreasing the volume to 10 [m3st], concluding that the thermal requirements of the latter matches the existing thermal availability in the area.A social economic evaluation of the drying system was made in accordance with the Social Development Ministry methodology, and therefore, it uses a social discount rate of 6% and an evaluation period of 20 years. The social economic indicators conclude that the project is recommendable for its implementation, having a VANS of 129,7 [UF] and TIRS of 24,8%. For the implementation to be carried out, different state financing funds are presented for public, private and non-profit entities.Finally, the environmental impact generated by using dry firewood in the scholar community and in Villa Amengual is evaluated, where the drying of 200 [m3st] of wet wood is equivalent to consuming 158 [m3st] of dry firewood, thus reducing the emission of particulate matter to the atmosphere by 72,9%. Furthermore, the replicability of the drying system in other towns of the commune is evaluated, where its implementation is also favorable since the incident radiation is higher and the number of students is similar to those in Villa Amengual.
This research work was made as a technical and economical proposal of a firewood dryer, which uses thermal solar energy captured by an active solar roof and the exhaust gases energy from a boiler used for heating.Initially, a research was made about the firewood composition, its consumption in Chile, and the main problem derived from its high moisture content. The drying process kinetics were examined, along with the thermodynamic variables that influences it, and the heat transfer mechanisms. Additionally, the firewood physical characteristics and the factors that optimize the drying process were also studied and, furthermore, the different drying mechanism that exist nowadays are provided.The dryer will be in a building located in Villa Amengual School, in the commune of Lago Verde, XI region. This establishment was selected because it is the source of the greatest consumption of non-certified firewood (200 [m3st]) in the location, which means it emits high concentrations of particulate matter into the atmosphere.With the theorical framework on the concept of firewood drying established, it is proposed to design a hybrid active solar drying system which, through the forced circulation of hot air inside an isolated chamber, reduces the fuel moisture content. To determine the thermal requirement, the required heat to raise the temperature of the structure and the fuel volume was calculated. The energy contribution of the solar system was calculated through the incident radiation in the area and the collector surface, while the energy input of the exhaust gases was calculated using their sensible molar enthalpy and the fuel calorific value.Three solutions are proposed for the drying of firewood. The first one considers a drying program of 82,5 [h] and a volume of 80 [m3st] of firewood, the second one modifies the drying program to 205,4 [h] and maintains the volume of 80 [m3st], and the third one conserves the drying program of 82,5 [h], while decreasing the volume to 10 [m3st], concluding that the thermal requirements of the latter matches the existing thermal availability in the area.A social economic evaluation of the drying system was made in accordance with the Social Development Ministry methodology, and therefore, it uses a social discount rate of 6% and an evaluation period of 20 years. The social economic indicators conclude that the project is recommendable for its implementation, having a VANS of 129,7 [UF] and TIRS of 24,8%. For the implementation to be carried out, different state financing funds are presented for public, private and non-profit entities.Finally, the environmental impact generated by using dry firewood in the scholar community and in Villa Amengual is evaluated, where the drying of 200 [m3st] of wet wood is equivalent to consuming 158 [m3st] of dry firewood, thus reducing the emission of particulate matter to the atmosphere by 72,9%. Furthermore, the replicability of the drying system in other towns of the commune is evaluated, where its implementation is also favorable since the incident radiation is higher and the number of students is similar to those in Villa Amengual.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
EVALUACION TECNICA, SECADO DE LENA, SISTEMA TERMICO HIBRIDO