Thesis DESARROLLAR UN MODELO DE DISEÑO Y EVALUACIÓN TÉCNICO-ECONÓMICO PARA LA INSTALACIÓN DE PLANTAS DE OSMOSIS INVERSAS, UTILIZANDO ENERGÍA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA EN DISTINTOS SECTORES COSTEROS DE LA V REGIÓN
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Date
2018
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Campus
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Chile es propietario de una gran cantidad de recursos hídricos, energéticos y minerales, los cuales reúnen una serie de características de alto valor desde el punto de vista económico, industrial, medioambiental, turístico, etc. Dentro del ámbito de la futura disponibilidad de los recursos, los que se ven afectados, entre varios otros factores, por el proceso de cambio climático, los recursos no se encuentran repartidos de forma equitativa, sumándole la dificultad de acceder al recurso hídrico, su calidad, tiempo de ocurrencia y su sobrexplotación debido a la agricultura, industrias y uso civil, a futuro generara gran déficit desde la zona centro hasta el norte del país, específicamente en sectores costeros de la Región de Valparaíso donde la demanda está superando por mucho la oferta, provocando falencias en el sector urbano, industrial, minero y agrícola.Para el desarrollo de este trabajo de título se identifica la disponibilidad de agua limpia y potable ya que es uno de los más grandes desafíos que enfrenta la humanidad y es uno de los aspectos más críticos relacionados con la seguridad humana. Es en este contexto, que para la Ingeniería Mecánica los desarrollos relacionados con la sostenibilidad de los recursos hídricos, la sostenibilidad de la energía y de manera menos directa lo relativo a la factibilidad de hacer de los recursos minerales un “recurso renovable” son los grandes desafíos de hoy.Con el objetivo de contribuir al desarrollo competitivo del país, mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas, la necesidad y exigencias del Desarrollo Sostenible, así también, para las iniciativas y proyectos empresariales, en el contexto actual del Desarrollo Industrial de la Cuarta Generación, es que se plantea el “desarrollo de un modelo de diseño con evaluación Técnico – Económico para la instalación de Plantas de Desalinizadoras con tecnología de Osmosis Inversa, utilizando energía solar fotovoltaica”, enfocado en distintos sectores costeros de la V Región.Nuestro modelo de diseño consta en detallar un paso a paso de todos los procesos que se deben llevar a cabo para poder instalar una planta desalinizadora. A esto se le debe sumar que se detallan todos los aspectos legales a considerar para cumplir con las normativas vigentes. En los anexos se describen todas las fórmulas a considerar para realizar los cálculos necesarios para llevar a cabo cada paso. Se detalla donde poder obtener información importante y necesaria, sobre todo en aspectos legales, como también se entrega un Excel como base para los cálculos de costos, estimaciones e índices económicos.Luego de hacer un análisis de los riesgos y perspectivas, se lleva a cabo una evaluación de los riesgos, en nuestro caso de criticidad de localizaciones para poder analizar la situación más crítica en cuanto a la necesidad del nivel del Agua. Esto complementado con un método cuantitativo para jerarquizar las localizaciones criticas y una evaluación morfológica para definir el mejor diseño y configuración de la planta. Luego se complementara con un diagrama de Ishikawa (causa-efecto) que presenta como se relacionan los problemas con sus efectos, un análisis FODA (fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas) el cual relaciona las fortalezas con las oportunidades, lo cual muestra las características que se pueden potenciar de la idea, mientras que las debilidades y amenazas, limitan la idea hasta donde se considera seguro, todo esto con el fin de dar una solución y alternativa para la generación de agua mediante tecnología no muy comunes como es el caso de osmosis inversa, junto a una mirada de auto sustentabilidad de las energías renovables.Terminada esta memoria, se espera que este trabajo de sea de gran aporte y ayuda para las zonas afectadas por la falta de recursos hídricos y que puedan sobrellevar este problema de mejor manera, para así asegurar un escenario óptimo para el desarrollo del país, las futuras generaciones y el medio ambiente.
Chile possess large amounts of water, energy and mineral resources, which bring together a series of high-value features from the economic, industrial, environmental, and tourism point of view. The future availability of these resources, which are affected by many factors such as climate change, resources that are not distributed equally, difficult access to water resources, its quality, time of occurrence and its overexploitation due to agriculture, industrial and civil use, in the future will generate a large deficit mainly in the central and northern regions of the country, specifically in coastal sectors of the Valparaíso Region where demand is far exceeding the supply , causing shortcomings in the urban, industrial, mining and agricultural sectors. In this thesis work, the availability of clean and potable water is identified since it is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity and is one of the most critical aspects related to human security. It is in this context, that for Mechanical Engineering the development of sustainable water resources, the sustainability of energy and less directly related to the feasibility of making mineral resources a "renewable resource" are today's largest challenges. With the purpose of contributing to the country's competitive development, improving people’s quality of life, the need and requirements of Sustainable Development, as well as for business initiatives and projects, in the current context of Industrial Development of the Fourth Generation, is that the "development of a design model with technical - economic evaluation for the installation of Desalination Plants with Reverse Osmosis technology, using solar photovoltaic energy", focused on different coastal sectors of the V Region. Our design model consists in detailing a step by step of all the processes that must be carried out in order to install a desalination plant. Furthermore we include detailed legal aspects to be considered in order to comply with today’s regulations. In the annexes all the formulas to be considered are described in order to perform the necessary calculations to carry out each step. In this work we provide where to obtain important and necessary information, especially in legal aspects, as well as an Excel document as a basis for cost calculations, estimates and economic indexes. After analyzing risks and perspectives, an assessment of risks is carried out, in our case critical locations to be able to analyze the most critical situations regarding the need of the water level. This is complemented with a quantitative method to prioritize the critical locations and a morphological evaluation to define the best design and configuration of the plant. This analysis is complemented with a diagram of Ishikawa (cause and effect) that presents how problems are related to their effects, a SWOT analysis (strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats) which relates the strengths with the opportunities, which shows the characteristics that can be enhanced by the idea, while the weaknesses and threats limit the idea to where it is considered safe, all this in order to provide a solution and alternative for the generation of water by means of not very common technology such as the case of reverse osmosis, together with a look of self-sustainability of renewable energies. Once this work is finished, it is expected that it will be a great contribution and aid for areas affected by the lack of water resources and that they can resolve better with this problem, in order to ensure an optimal scenario for the development of the country, future generations and the environment.
Chile possess large amounts of water, energy and mineral resources, which bring together a series of high-value features from the economic, industrial, environmental, and tourism point of view. The future availability of these resources, which are affected by many factors such as climate change, resources that are not distributed equally, difficult access to water resources, its quality, time of occurrence and its overexploitation due to agriculture, industrial and civil use, in the future will generate a large deficit mainly in the central and northern regions of the country, specifically in coastal sectors of the Valparaíso Region where demand is far exceeding the supply , causing shortcomings in the urban, industrial, mining and agricultural sectors. In this thesis work, the availability of clean and potable water is identified since it is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity and is one of the most critical aspects related to human security. It is in this context, that for Mechanical Engineering the development of sustainable water resources, the sustainability of energy and less directly related to the feasibility of making mineral resources a "renewable resource" are today's largest challenges. With the purpose of contributing to the country's competitive development, improving people’s quality of life, the need and requirements of Sustainable Development, as well as for business initiatives and projects, in the current context of Industrial Development of the Fourth Generation, is that the "development of a design model with technical - economic evaluation for the installation of Desalination Plants with Reverse Osmosis technology, using solar photovoltaic energy", focused on different coastal sectors of the V Region. Our design model consists in detailing a step by step of all the processes that must be carried out in order to install a desalination plant. Furthermore we include detailed legal aspects to be considered in order to comply with today’s regulations. In the annexes all the formulas to be considered are described in order to perform the necessary calculations to carry out each step. In this work we provide where to obtain important and necessary information, especially in legal aspects, as well as an Excel document as a basis for cost calculations, estimates and economic indexes. After analyzing risks and perspectives, an assessment of risks is carried out, in our case critical locations to be able to analyze the most critical situations regarding the need of the water level. This is complemented with a quantitative method to prioritize the critical locations and a morphological evaluation to define the best design and configuration of the plant. This analysis is complemented with a diagram of Ishikawa (cause and effect) that presents how problems are related to their effects, a SWOT analysis (strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats) which relates the strengths with the opportunities, which shows the characteristics that can be enhanced by the idea, while the weaknesses and threats limit the idea to where it is considered safe, all this in order to provide a solution and alternative for the generation of water by means of not very common technology such as the case of reverse osmosis, together with a look of self-sustainability of renewable energies. Once this work is finished, it is expected that it will be a great contribution and aid for areas affected by the lack of water resources and that they can resolve better with this problem, in order to ensure an optimal scenario for the development of the country, future generations and the environment.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
ENERGIA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA, EVALUACION TECNICO ECONOMICA, OSMOSIS INVERSA