Thesis Efectos económicos de discriminación a minorías sexuales y propuesta de políticas públicas para Chile
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Date
2015-10
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Industrial
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
A nivel mundial, las minorías sexuales son sistemáticamente discriminadas, tanto por las sociedades como por los estados. Esta discriminación les impide una participación plena en la sociedad, lo que constituye un grave problema de derechos humanos que debe ser tratado con urgencia. Existen diferentes grados de aceptación e inclusión de las minorías sexuales a nivel mundial, los cuales van desde la negación absoluta de derechos civiles y la pena de muerte, hasta la adopción de medidas antidiscriminatorias (que buscan compensar la discriminación histórica de la que han sido objeto) y la aprobación de leyes de matrimonio civil entre personas del mismo sexo. Estas diferencias abismantes en el trato hacia las minorías sexuales se reflejan en que aún existe una falta de consenso en las Naciones Unidas respecto al establecimiento y protección de los derechos de estas minorías. A nivel individual, la discriminación a la que se enfrentan las personas LGBT resulta en menores accesos a la educación, a la salud, y al empleo, lo cual disminuye tanto la capacidad productiva de estas personas como los ingresos que éstas perciben. A nivel agregado, la discriminación hacia las minorías sexuales tiene costos adicionales para un estado, por concepto de la menor productividad y del mayor costo en salud hacia estas personas, además del menor aporte económico individual que éstas realizan a través del impuesto a la renta. En primer lugar, este trabajo examina los factores históricos, sociales y culturales que han conformado la discriminación en Chile y a nivel mundial. Luego, se presenta una revisión de la literatura académica que expone los vínculos entre la inclusión de las minorías sexuales y el crecimiento económico de las naciones. Estos estudios señalan que la promulgación de derechos LGBT va de la mano con el desarrollo económico de las naciones, y que las ciudades y países que han tomado medidas para incorporar a las minorías sexuales como miembros plenos de la sociedad muestran economías más vibrantes y dinámicas. Finalmente, este trabajo presenta una serie de propuestas de políticas públicas para Chile, con el doble fin de lograr la inclusión plena de las personas LGBT en la sociedad, y de potenciar el desarrollo económico de Chile. Las propuestas más importantes para Chile se encuentran ligadas al ámbito educacional, el cual representa el motor de cambio fundamental de cualquier sociedad. Así, se presenta una reforma a los programas escolares conducentes a educar a la población en inclusión y respeto hacia las minorías sexuales, además de presentar una propuesta para controlar el tema urgente del matonaje escolar. Otras propuestas de políticas públicas están enfocadas a nivel de Municipalidades, y de cómo éstas pueden ejercer un cambio positivo en el bienestar de las minorías sexuales. La regulación del sector privado también conforma un eje central de las propuestas, en donde se busca garantizar el trato igualitario de los empleados LGBT en el mundo empresarial. Finalmente, se presentan propuestas de largo plazo, conducentes a solidificar los progresos en materia de derechos LGBT, y de fomentar así la inclusión social y legal de las minorías sexuales como miembros plenos de la sociedad.
Sexual minorities have been systematically discriminated against throughout the world, both by societies and by the states. This discrimination hinders full participation by these minorities in society, which in turn constitutes a grave human rights problem that needs to be deal with urgently. There are different degrees of acceptance and inclusion of sexual minorities around the globe, which range from the absolute denial of civil rights and the death penalty, to the adoption of anti-discriminatory measures (which seek to compensate the historical discrimination that they have experienced) and the passage of same-sex marriage laws. These staggering differences in the treatment of sexual minorities is reflected in the lack of consensus within the UN on the subject of the protection and promotion of LGBT rights. At an individual level, the discrimination faced by LGBT people results in lower access to education, health, and employment, which in turn lowers their productivity and their income. At an aggregate level, discrimination towards sexual minorities carries additional costs to the state, due to their lower productivity and their higher health costs. Moreover, due to their lower incomes, their individual contribution to the economy through income tax is reduced. First, this study examines the historical, social and cultural factors that have shaped LGBT discrimination in Chile and around the world. Then, a review of academic sources is presented, which explores the links between LGBT inclusion and economic growth. These studies show that the passing of LGBT rights goes hand in hand with the economic growth of nations, and that cities and countries that have adopted measures to integrate LGBT people as full members of their societies exhibit more vibrant and more dynamic economies. To conclude, this study presents a series of public policy proposals for Chile, with a two-fold goal of achieving greater inclusion for LGBT people in society, and of boosting Chile’s economic development. Among these proposals, those related to education are key to achieving these goals in Chile. Therefore, a proposal for new school curriculum intended to educate the population in inclusion and respect towards sexual minorities is presented, along with a proposal to tackle the urgent issue of school bullying. Other public policy proposals focus on the positive role Municipalities can have in the well-being of LGBT people. Regulation of the private sector is also an important aspect of the proposals, which seeks to guarantee equal treatment to LGBT people in the workplace. Finally, long-term proposals are presented, which seek to solidify the progress achieved through the previous proposals, and to promote and enhance the social and legal inclusion of LGBT people as full members of society.
Sexual minorities have been systematically discriminated against throughout the world, both by societies and by the states. This discrimination hinders full participation by these minorities in society, which in turn constitutes a grave human rights problem that needs to be deal with urgently. There are different degrees of acceptance and inclusion of sexual minorities around the globe, which range from the absolute denial of civil rights and the death penalty, to the adoption of anti-discriminatory measures (which seek to compensate the historical discrimination that they have experienced) and the passage of same-sex marriage laws. These staggering differences in the treatment of sexual minorities is reflected in the lack of consensus within the UN on the subject of the protection and promotion of LGBT rights. At an individual level, the discrimination faced by LGBT people results in lower access to education, health, and employment, which in turn lowers their productivity and their income. At an aggregate level, discrimination towards sexual minorities carries additional costs to the state, due to their lower productivity and their higher health costs. Moreover, due to their lower incomes, their individual contribution to the economy through income tax is reduced. First, this study examines the historical, social and cultural factors that have shaped LGBT discrimination in Chile and around the world. Then, a review of academic sources is presented, which explores the links between LGBT inclusion and economic growth. These studies show that the passing of LGBT rights goes hand in hand with the economic growth of nations, and that cities and countries that have adopted measures to integrate LGBT people as full members of their societies exhibit more vibrant and more dynamic economies. To conclude, this study presents a series of public policy proposals for Chile, with a two-fold goal of achieving greater inclusion for LGBT people in society, and of boosting Chile’s economic development. Among these proposals, those related to education are key to achieving these goals in Chile. Therefore, a proposal for new school curriculum intended to educate the population in inclusion and respect towards sexual minorities is presented, along with a proposal to tackle the urgent issue of school bullying. Other public policy proposals focus on the positive role Municipalities can have in the well-being of LGBT people. Regulation of the private sector is also an important aspect of the proposals, which seeks to guarantee equal treatment to LGBT people in the workplace. Finally, long-term proposals are presented, which seek to solidify the progress achieved through the previous proposals, and to promote and enhance the social and legal inclusion of LGBT people as full members of society.
Description
Keywords
Políticas antidiscriminación, Crecimiento económico, Comunidad LGBT
