Thesis Relación del capital humano STEM y el crecimiento país. Caso México y Brasil
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Date
2026-04
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Ingeniería Comercial
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Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
A pesar del incremento sostenido en matrícula y graduación STEM en América Latina, persisten interrogantes sobre el grado en que esta expansión contribuye efectivamente al crecimiento económico. La literatura previa presenta resultados mixtos y heterogéneos metodológicamente, sin consenso sobre la direccionalidad causal de esta relación ni sobre los factores institucionales que la condicionan. Esta investigación aborda la brecha de conocimiento existente sobre cómo la calidad versus cantidad educativa, la capacidad de absorción productiva y los shocks macroeconómicos moderan la relación entre capital humano STEM y crecimiento en contextos latinoamericanos específicos. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la relación entre capital humano STEM y crecimiento económico en México y Brasil durante 2015-2023, contrastando direccionalidad causal mediante modelos econométricos bidireccionales e incorporando un indicador de eficiencia educativa como proxy de calidad institucional. El enfoque metodológico emplea regresión lineal múltiple con errores estándar robustos sobre series temporales destendenciadas, utilizando datos del Banco Mundial (2023) y la OCDE (2023). Los resultados documentan heterogeneidad bilateral fundamental: en México, la eficiencia educativa presenta mayor relevancia estadística que el volumen absoluto de graduados (β = -0.469, p=0.019 para PIB destendenciado), sugiriendo mecanismos de crowding-out laboral donde bonanzas económicas desvían jóvenes hacia empleo inmediato. En Brasil, el crecimiento económico impulsa significativamente la expansión STEM con elasticidad inelástica (β = 0.305, p=0.011), señalando que desarrollo económico precede y habilita inversión educativa. Ambos países convergen en direccionalidad causal inversa, donde(...)
Despite sustained increases in STEM enrollment and graduation in Latin America, questions persist regarding the extent to which this expansion effectively contributes to economic growth. Previous literature presents mixed and methodologically heterogeneous results, without consensus on the causal directionality of this relationship or on the institutional factors that condition it. This research addresses the existing knowledge gap concerning how quality versus quantity of education, productive absorption capacity, and macroeconomic shocks moderate the relationship between STEM human capital and growth in specific Latin American contexts. The study's objective is to analyze the relationship between STEM human capital and economic growth in Mexico and Brazil during 2015-2023, contrasting causal directionality through bidirectional econometric models and incorporating an educational efficiency indicator as a proxy for institutional quality. The methodological approach employs multiple linear regression with robust standard errors on detrended time series, using data from the World Bank (2023) and OECD (2023). Results document fundamental bilateral heterogeneity: in Mexico, educational efficiency presents greater statistical relevance than the absolute volume of graduates (β = -0.469, p=0.019 for detrended GDP), suggesting labor crowding-out mechanisms where economic booms divert youth toward immediate employment. In Brazil, economic growth significantly drives STEM expansion with inelastic elasticity (β = 0.305, p=0.011), indicating that economic development precedes and enables educational investment. Both countries converge on inverse causal directionality where(...).
Despite sustained increases in STEM enrollment and graduation in Latin America, questions persist regarding the extent to which this expansion effectively contributes to economic growth. Previous literature presents mixed and methodologically heterogeneous results, without consensus on the causal directionality of this relationship or on the institutional factors that condition it. This research addresses the existing knowledge gap concerning how quality versus quantity of education, productive absorption capacity, and macroeconomic shocks moderate the relationship between STEM human capital and growth in specific Latin American contexts. The study's objective is to analyze the relationship between STEM human capital and economic growth in Mexico and Brazil during 2015-2023, contrasting causal directionality through bidirectional econometric models and incorporating an educational efficiency indicator as a proxy for institutional quality. The methodological approach employs multiple linear regression with robust standard errors on detrended time series, using data from the World Bank (2023) and OECD (2023). Results document fundamental bilateral heterogeneity: in Mexico, educational efficiency presents greater statistical relevance than the absolute volume of graduates (β = -0.469, p=0.019 for detrended GDP), suggesting labor crowding-out mechanisms where economic booms divert youth toward immediate employment. In Brazil, economic growth significantly drives STEM expansion with inelastic elasticity (β = 0.305, p=0.011), indicating that economic development precedes and enables educational investment. Both countries converge on inverse causal directionality where(...).
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Keywords
Capital humano STEM, Crecimiento económico, Educación superior, Eficiencia educativa, Modelos econométricos, América Latina
