Thesis DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN PROTOTIPO DE HUMEDAL ARTIFICIAL DE FLUJO SUBSUPERFICIAL PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES DOMÉSTICAS
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Date
2018
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA FEDERICO SANTA MARÍA UTFSM. DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y AMBIENTAL. INGENIERÍA CIVIL AMBIENTAL
Campus
Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La utilización de humedales artificiales en el tratamiento de aguas servidas está siendo
ampliamente utilizados en la actualidad en países como Francia, Alemania, Dinamarca e
Italia, entre otros; con el fin de tratar las aguas residuales de manera natural, sin utilización
de energía, y junto a ello, reutilizándola principalmente en riego, disminuyendo el consumo
de agua en lugares donde esta necesidad básica está en vías de agotarse. Sumado a esto,
el aumento de residuos biológicos y químicos en las aguas superficiales, presiona la
creación de una alternativa de bajo costo para el tratamiento de agua, en comparación a
las convencionalmente utilizadas.
El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad de remoción de
contaminantes de aguas residuales negras, mediante el tratamiento de humedales
artificiales a nivel domiciliario.
Se estudiaron los diferentes mecanismos de remoción de contaminantes de estos sistemas,
parámetros y criterios de diseño, para luego llevar a cabo la construcción de un humedal
artificial como prototipo en la localidad de Pomaire, Región Metropolitana, Chile, para
finalmente, analizar las tasas de remoción de cada contaminante presente en las aguas.
La tasa de remoción de materia orgánica removida por la especie de planta utilizada Scirpus
spp., fue determinada mediante los parámetros de Demanda Química de Oxigeno,
Demanda Biológica de Oxigeno, Fósforo, Nitrógeno Total Kjeldahl y Sólidos Suspendidos
Totales, entre otros.
Los resultados obtenidos a través de análisis físico-químicos de las aguas, demostró que
en un periodo de tres años, una vez estabilizado el sistema, se produce del orden de 77%
a 94% de remoción de los componentes de aguas servidas, tales como: Demanda química
de oxigeno, sólidos suspendidos totales, sólidos sedimentables, fósforos, grasas y aceites,
y coliformes totales. Sin embargo, para el sistema estudiado, se obtuvieron valores más
bajos de remoción en la demanda biológica de oxígeno y nitrógeno, estando dentro del
orden de 53% y 29% respectivamente, parámetros que serán estudiados más
detalladamente en futuros sistemas.
Los humedales artificiales son sistemas eficientes en la remoción de contaminantes para
las aguas residuales domiciliarias, y con bajos costos de construcción, operación y
mantención.
The use of artificial wetlands for the treatment of wastewater is being used widely in countries such as France, Germany, Denmark and Italy, among others; in order to treat the wastewater naturally, without the use of energy and with the advantage of reusing it, for example, in irrigation systems, in order to reduce water consumption in places where this basic need, is becoming exhausted. Moreover, the increased biological and chemical waste in superficial water bodies, is pushing the need to create an alternative system for water treatment, low cost, in comparison to those conventionally used. This main objective of this study, is to determine the pollutant removal capacity of artificial wetlands for residential wastewater. The different removal mechanisms of pollutants from these systems, parameters and design criteria were studied, to then carry out the construction of an artificial wetland as a prototype in the town of Pomaire, Región Metropolitana, Chile, to finally analyze the removal rates of each pollutant. The removal rate of organic matter by the plant, Scirpus spp., was determined by the parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Phosphorus, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen and Total Suspended Solids, among others. The results obtained through physico-chemical analysis of the waters, showed that the removal of wastewater components, in a period of three years, once the system stabilized, occurs in the order of 77% to 94%, components such as: Chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, settleable solids, phosphorus, fats and oils, and total coliforms. However, for the studied system, lower removal values were obtained in the biological oxygen demand and nitrogen, being in the order of 53% and 29% respectively, parameters that will be studied in more detail in future systems. Artificial wetlands are efficient systems in the removal of pollutants for domestic wastewater, with low construction, operation and maintenance costs.
The use of artificial wetlands for the treatment of wastewater is being used widely in countries such as France, Germany, Denmark and Italy, among others; in order to treat the wastewater naturally, without the use of energy and with the advantage of reusing it, for example, in irrigation systems, in order to reduce water consumption in places where this basic need, is becoming exhausted. Moreover, the increased biological and chemical waste in superficial water bodies, is pushing the need to create an alternative system for water treatment, low cost, in comparison to those conventionally used. This main objective of this study, is to determine the pollutant removal capacity of artificial wetlands for residential wastewater. The different removal mechanisms of pollutants from these systems, parameters and design criteria were studied, to then carry out the construction of an artificial wetland as a prototype in the town of Pomaire, Región Metropolitana, Chile, to finally analyze the removal rates of each pollutant. The removal rate of organic matter by the plant, Scirpus spp., was determined by the parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Phosphorus, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen and Total Suspended Solids, among others. The results obtained through physico-chemical analysis of the waters, showed that the removal of wastewater components, in a period of three years, once the system stabilized, occurs in the order of 77% to 94%, components such as: Chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, settleable solids, phosphorus, fats and oils, and total coliforms. However, for the studied system, lower removal values were obtained in the biological oxygen demand and nitrogen, being in the order of 53% and 29% respectively, parameters that will be studied in more detail in future systems. Artificial wetlands are efficient systems in the removal of pollutants for domestic wastewater, with low construction, operation and maintenance costs.
Description
Keywords
HUMEDALES ARTIFICIALES, TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS SERVIDAS, POMAIRE, REGION METROPOLITANA, CHILE