Thesis FRACTURA DE MATERIALES SÓLIDOS POR MEDIO DE LA APLICACIÓN DE IMPULSOS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
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Date
2018
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
El trabajo que se presenta a continuación ha sido desarrollado para el área de Alta Tensióndel Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica de la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María,cuyo informe ha sido denominado “Fractura de materiales sólidos por medio de la aplicaciónde impulsos de alta tensión”.Este documento ha sido llevado a cabo gracias al apoyo de la empresa SIC Ltda., la cual sededica a proyectos de ingeniería y construcción. SIC analiza la posibilidad de implementarlos impulsos de alta tensión para dañar sólidos, dentro de los cuales el objetivo principales la escoria de cobre. En la minería es muy frecuente obtener escoria como subproductodel proceso, pero rara vez es aprovechada, por lo cual es acumulada en montañas. Debidoa que en el mundo existen pocos antecedentes que puedan apoyar este estudio, se requierepartir prácticamente de cero.Los impulsos de alta tensión son producidos por generadores y se utilizan principalmentepara pruebas normalizadas de equipos eléctricos. Si bien este estudio no requiere de ensayosnormalizados, es importante considerar las limitaciones del aislamiento de los elementosutilizados en el diseño, ya que estos fueron construidos para soportar ciertos rangos deimpulsos normalizados.Tras armar el banco de pruebas, cumpliendo con los límites de seguridad adecuados parael usuario, se realizan ensayos con un generador de impulsos portátil, sin embargo, el dañoen los ladrillos es inferior a los 4 [cm2] en su superficie y una profundidad de 0; 5 [cm].Luego de usar un generador de impulsos de cuatro etapas y mayor nivel de tensión enladrillos en estado húmedo y congelado, el daño provocado aumentó a un área de 16 [cm2]y una profundidad de 0; 5 [cm], como también la corriente resultante en la descarga que llegaa 11 [kA]. Este mismo generador es utilizado en los ensayos de los bloques de hormigón,pero sólo la probeta H10 sufrió daños significativos, contando con un estado de completahumedad al ser sumergida en agua. El área afectada es de 50 [cm2] aproximadamente, endonde se encuentra una abertura de 4 [cm2] que atraviesa el bloque en su espesor total de3; 5 [cm] en la cara superior.Dentro de los ensayos se aprecia una componente inductiva en la resistencia de frente, lo quepermiten obtener impulsos de corriente no normalizados, no obstante, la escoria no sufriódaños en el proceso, con la excepción de la probeta Ec8 que fue destruida completamente.El análisis general de los resultados revela que el generador de impulsos de tensión soloproduce daños en las probetas si la corriente circulante es elevada, pero no es posible determinarun valor exacto dado que solo una probeta de escoria fue destruida. Esto coincidecon la información recolectada sobre el estado del arte sobre la fractura de sólidos porimpulsos de alta tensión (2.2.5).Considerando el análisis de prefactibilidad técnica y económica de la construcción de ungenerador de impulsos portátil se determinó que la limitación más grande es el equipo decarga, tanto por la baja potencia y el alto valor del producto. El costo total de los equiposconsiderando el equipo de carga tiene un valor cercano a los $ 15.000 dólares.El factor más importante por considerar al momento de evaluar esta alternativa es que nose logra el objetivo de fracturar y destruir los sólidos propuestos.
The work presented in this document has been developed for the High Voltage area ofthe Department of Electrical Engineering of the Federico Santa Maria University, whosereport is named "Fracture of solid materials by means of the application of high voltageimpulses".This document has been carried out thanks to the support from the company SIC Ltda.,which is dedicated to engineering and construction projects. SIC analyzes the possibilityof implementing high voltage impulses to damage solids, within which the main objectiveis copper slag. In mining it is very common to obtain slag as a by-product of the process,but it is rarely exploited, so it is accumulated in mountains. Because there are few recordsthat can support this study, it is required to start practically from zero.High voltage impulses are produced by generators and are mainly used for standardizedtesting of electrical equipment. Although this study does not require standardized tests,it is important to consider the limitations of the insulation of the elements used in thedesign, as these were built to withstand certain ranges of standardized pulses.After assembling the test bench, complying with the appropriate safety limits for the user,tests are carried out with a portable pulse generator, however, the damage to the solidbricks is less than 4 [cm2] on their surface and with a depth of 0; 5 [cm].After using a four-stage, higher voltage pulse generator on wet and frozen bricks, thedamage caused increased to an area of 16 [cm2] and a depth of 0; 5 [cm2], as did theresulting discharge current reaching 11 [kA]. This same generator is used in the testingof concrete blocks, but only the H10 specimen suffered significant damage, counting on astate of complete humidity when submerged in water. The affected area is approximately50 [cm2], where there is an opening of 4 [cm2] that crosses the block in its total thicknessof 3; 5 [cm] in the upper face.Within the tests there is an inductive component in the front resistance, which allows non standardisedcurrent pulses to be obtained, however, the slag did not suffer any damage inthe process, with the exception of the Ec8 specimen that was completely destroyed.The general analysis of the results reveals that the voltage pulse generator only causesdamage to the specimens if the circulating current is high, but it is not possible to determinean exact value since only one slag specimen was destroyed. This coincides withthe information collected on the state of the art on the fracture of solids by high stressimpulses (2.2.5).Considering the analysis of technical and economic pre-feasibility of construction of aportable impulse generator it was determined that the biggest limitation is the chargingequipment, due to both the low power and the high value of the product. The total cost ofthe equipment considering the charging equipment has a value nearing $ 15.000 dollars.The most important factor to consider when evaluating this alternative is that the objectiveof fracturing and destroying the proposed solids is not achieved.
The work presented in this document has been developed for the High Voltage area ofthe Department of Electrical Engineering of the Federico Santa Maria University, whosereport is named "Fracture of solid materials by means of the application of high voltageimpulses".This document has been carried out thanks to the support from the company SIC Ltda.,which is dedicated to engineering and construction projects. SIC analyzes the possibilityof implementing high voltage impulses to damage solids, within which the main objectiveis copper slag. In mining it is very common to obtain slag as a by-product of the process,but it is rarely exploited, so it is accumulated in mountains. Because there are few recordsthat can support this study, it is required to start practically from zero.High voltage impulses are produced by generators and are mainly used for standardizedtesting of electrical equipment. Although this study does not require standardized tests,it is important to consider the limitations of the insulation of the elements used in thedesign, as these were built to withstand certain ranges of standardized pulses.After assembling the test bench, complying with the appropriate safety limits for the user,tests are carried out with a portable pulse generator, however, the damage to the solidbricks is less than 4 [cm2] on their surface and with a depth of 0; 5 [cm].After using a four-stage, higher voltage pulse generator on wet and frozen bricks, thedamage caused increased to an area of 16 [cm2] and a depth of 0; 5 [cm2], as did theresulting discharge current reaching 11 [kA]. This same generator is used in the testingof concrete blocks, but only the H10 specimen suffered significant damage, counting on astate of complete humidity when submerged in water. The affected area is approximately50 [cm2], where there is an opening of 4 [cm2] that crosses the block in its total thicknessof 3; 5 [cm] in the upper face.Within the tests there is an inductive component in the front resistance, which allows non standardisedcurrent pulses to be obtained, however, the slag did not suffer any damage inthe process, with the exception of the Ec8 specimen that was completely destroyed.The general analysis of the results reveals that the voltage pulse generator only causesdamage to the specimens if the circulating current is high, but it is not possible to determinean exact value since only one slag specimen was destroyed. This coincides withthe information collected on the state of the art on the fracture of solids by high stressimpulses (2.2.5).Considering the analysis of technical and economic pre-feasibility of construction of aportable impulse generator it was determined that the biggest limitation is the chargingequipment, due to both the low power and the high value of the product. The total cost ofthe equipment considering the charging equipment has a value nearing $ 15.000 dollars.The most important factor to consider when evaluating this alternative is that the objectiveof fracturing and destroying the proposed solids is not achieved.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
FRACTURA DE MATERIALES, GENERADOR DE MULTIMPULSOS, IMPULSOS DE ALTA TENSION