Thesis ANÁLISIS DE MODELO DE ESTRUCTURA TARIFARIA PARA UNA AEROLINEA LOW COST EN EL MERCADO CHILENO
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Date
2007-01
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Program
INGENIERÍA EN AVIACIÓN COMERCIAL
Campus
Campus Vitacura, Santiago
Abstract
La derregulación de la industria aeronáutica a partir de 1978 trajo la liberación de los precios. Los recientes desarrollos en estrategias de “Revenue Management & Pricing” (RM&P) fueron utilizados con éxito en las aerolíneas tradicionales, separando las clases físicas (primera, ejecutiva y turista) en subclases tarifarias y asignando asientos con algoritmos matemáticos para pronósticos de demanda más certeros. El cuadro que agrupa las diferentes clases tarifarias, sus precios y sus restricciones para un par de ciudades determinado es la “estructura tarifaria”. Ésta es el pilar para la segmentación de mercado y la administración de los asientos disponibles para cada clase tarifaria. Es así cómo existen tarifas más caras, las que son por lo general las más flexibles; y tarifas más baratas, que son las más restrictivas.
El objetivo del RM&P aplicado a la industria aérea es la maximización completa de los ingresos percibidos vendiendo asientos a tarifas más económicas que de otra manera no se venderían, y simultáneamente asegurarse de que las tarifas baratas no puedan ser adquiridas por pasajeros que pueden pagar por una tarifa más cara.
Desde el punto de vista de los pasajeros, la discriminación llevada a cabo por las aerolíneas se realiza de dos modos: una es ofreciendo al cliente distintos paquetes combinando precios con restricciones, y otra es la limitación del número de asientos económicos disponibles para un vuelo determinado.
El auge del modelo operativo de las aerolíneas low cost ha provocado más de alguna alteración en las aerolíneas tradicionales del mundo. Compañías como easyJet en Europa y Southwest en Estados Unidos han masificado el uso del transporte aéreo acercándolo a segmentos de mercado no explotados por aerolíneas como British Airways y American Airlines, respectivamente. En EEUU, las aerolíneas de bajo costo han aumentado sus índices de oferta y demanda en un 6,6% y un 14,4% respectivamente, mientras que el factor de ocupación aumentó de un 74,2% a un 79,7% entre abril de 2005 y abril de 2006.
En Europa y EEUU las novedosas aerolíneas “low cost” han adquirido una gran aceptación por parte de los pasajeros gracias a la guerra de precios desatada en ambos mercados. En Brasil la aerolínea de bajo costo GOL, que inició sus operaciones en 2001, incrementó su participación en 2,3% para 2004, llegando a ocupar un 24,3% del mercado, con un aumento de 3 puntos en su índice de ocupación.
El mercado nacional no ha estado exento de la “invasión low cost”. La aerolínea de bajo costo GOL ha ingresado con una atractiva oferta de vuelos baratos conectando Chile con Brasil y Argentina.
Sin embargo el mercado nacional es operado por LAN Airlines, Sky Airline, y Aerolíneas del Sur, todas estas de modelo tradicional. El gráfico de la izquierda ilustra las participaciones de mercado de estas aerolíneas. Se espera un crecimiento del 23% entre 2006 y 2012. Las proyecciones de demanda por mes y por año se exponen en el gráfico de la derecha.
Actualmente, LAN lleva a cabo un proyecto de transformación de la operación nacional similar a una aerolínea de bajo costo, cuya estructura tarifaria está aplicándose en cuatro destinos4 desde el 18 de diciembre de 2006 como periodo de pruebas.
En el nuevo tarifario, se detectaron las principales brechas de ejecución para los pasajeros: 1) las regulaciones son información compleja y presentada en inglés, por lo que se requiere asesoría especializada en los canales de distribución; 2) acentuada discriminación a los pasajeros por regulaciones más estrictas; 3) existen diferencias culturales y de hábitos al planificar un viaje, y 4) las facilidades de acceso a un aeropuerto no son las mismas que en los terminales de buses. Por otro lado, para LAN se detectaron los siguientes inconvenientes: 1) las tarifas “full flexibilidad” exigen reserva y compra simultánea de los pasajes, 2) personal de aeropuerto tendrá mayores dificultades para realizar modificaciones a los pasajes; 3) ausencia de tarifas OW en un mercado con competencia que exhibe estas tarifas; 4) tarifario complejo de comunicar.
Para resolver estos problemas y apoyar una implementación exitosa del tarifario Láser, el presente estudio sugiere las siguientes medidas: 1) mejorar los canales de comunicación exponiendo las regulaciones tarifarias en español y sólo las más incidentes en el precio del pasaje; 2) dar mayor capacidad a los canales de distribución capacitándolos en el nuevo tarifario; 3) crear un procedimiento para el manejo de reclamos exclusivo para los pasajeros de Láser y fomentar cultura de vocación de servicio en el personal de aeropuerto; 4) enseñar a los pasajeros la planificación de sus viajes para aprovechar las tarifas económicas; y 5) simplificar la comprensión del nuevo tarifario.
Deregulation of aviation market after 1978 brought free pricing. Recent developments in Revenue Management and Pricing strategies were successfully applied in legacy carriers, differencing physical cabin classes (First, Business and Tourist class) into fare classes, applying fare class booking limits seat with mathematical models. The summary who groups different fare classes, their prices and their rules for a market (pair of cities) is called “fare structure”. This tool differentiates passengers and manages available seats for each fare class. That is the reason for expensive fares, which are more flexible, and cheap fares, which are more restrictive. The primary objective of airline revenue management is to maximize total flight revenues by making seats that are expected to go unsold available at a lower fare to passengers who would otherwise not travel, while at the same time ensuring that these lower fares are not purchased by passengers who are willing to pay a higher fare. From the passenger’s eyes, discrimination carried out by the airlines is done in two ways: first, offering to passengers several packages by combining prices with fare rules, and second, by limiting available seats at lower fares for a given flight. The operation model of low cost carriers has raised in many markets. Airlines such as easyJet in Europe and Southwest in the United States has increased the air transportation market, getting closer to niches not quite explored by airlines like British Airways and American Airlines, respectively. In USA, low cost carriers has been growing up their offer and demand rates into 6,6% and 14,4% respectively, while their occupation rate has grown from 74,2% to 79,7% between April 2005 and April 2006 . Low cost carriers have obtained a good reception in EU and USA, helped by the price’s war. In Brazil, the low cost GOL, who started its operations in 2001, increase its market share in 2,3% for 2004, and having a 24,3% of the air market, with an improve of three points in its occupation rate6. The Chilean market has not been away from the “low cost invasion”. GOL has arrived with an aggressive marketing offering cheap flights connecting Chile with Brazil and Argentina. But in the domestic market there are only three legacy carriers, served by LAN Airlines, Sky Airline, and Aerolineas del Sur. The left graph illustrates the market shares of each one. It’s been expected a growth of 23% between 2006 and 2012. The demand forecasts are illustrated in the right graph. Now, LAN is bringing a deep transformation of its operation in the Chilean market, similar to the low cost carriers, which new fare structure is being used in four destinations since December 18th, 2006 in a testing period. This research has review the new fare structure and it has detected the most important execution breaks, not only for passengers, but for LAN too. For passengers the breaks are: 1) fare rules are too complex and showed only in English; 2) strong discrimination because of hard fare rules; 3) there are cultural and behavior differences in planning a travel, and 4) there are a big difference between going to the airport and going to the bus terminal. On the other hand, for LAN the breaks are: 1) the “full flexibility” fares requires simultaneous booking and purchase, 2) airport personnel Hill have bigger problems to do changes in flight tickets; 3) there is only one OW fare in a market with only OW fares in the other carriers; and 4) it’s a hard-to-explain fare structure. To solve these problems and support in applying the Laser fare structure, this research suggest the following measures: 1) improve the communication channels by living to the passenger only the most important fare rules in Spanish; 2) giving empowerment to the distribution channels by teaching them in the new fare structure; 3) creating a procedure to manage only Laser customer’s claims and improve the quality of service in airport personnel; 4) teaching passengers how to get the best deal in flight tickets (i.e. the most important fare rules); and 5) simplify the presentation of the new fare structure
Deregulation of aviation market after 1978 brought free pricing. Recent developments in Revenue Management and Pricing strategies were successfully applied in legacy carriers, differencing physical cabin classes (First, Business and Tourist class) into fare classes, applying fare class booking limits seat with mathematical models. The summary who groups different fare classes, their prices and their rules for a market (pair of cities) is called “fare structure”. This tool differentiates passengers and manages available seats for each fare class. That is the reason for expensive fares, which are more flexible, and cheap fares, which are more restrictive. The primary objective of airline revenue management is to maximize total flight revenues by making seats that are expected to go unsold available at a lower fare to passengers who would otherwise not travel, while at the same time ensuring that these lower fares are not purchased by passengers who are willing to pay a higher fare. From the passenger’s eyes, discrimination carried out by the airlines is done in two ways: first, offering to passengers several packages by combining prices with fare rules, and second, by limiting available seats at lower fares for a given flight. The operation model of low cost carriers has raised in many markets. Airlines such as easyJet in Europe and Southwest in the United States has increased the air transportation market, getting closer to niches not quite explored by airlines like British Airways and American Airlines, respectively. In USA, low cost carriers has been growing up their offer and demand rates into 6,6% and 14,4% respectively, while their occupation rate has grown from 74,2% to 79,7% between April 2005 and April 2006 . Low cost carriers have obtained a good reception in EU and USA, helped by the price’s war. In Brazil, the low cost GOL, who started its operations in 2001, increase its market share in 2,3% for 2004, and having a 24,3% of the air market, with an improve of three points in its occupation rate6. The Chilean market has not been away from the “low cost invasion”. GOL has arrived with an aggressive marketing offering cheap flights connecting Chile with Brazil and Argentina. But in the domestic market there are only three legacy carriers, served by LAN Airlines, Sky Airline, and Aerolineas del Sur. The left graph illustrates the market shares of each one. It’s been expected a growth of 23% between 2006 and 2012. The demand forecasts are illustrated in the right graph. Now, LAN is bringing a deep transformation of its operation in the Chilean market, similar to the low cost carriers, which new fare structure is being used in four destinations since December 18th, 2006 in a testing period. This research has review the new fare structure and it has detected the most important execution breaks, not only for passengers, but for LAN too. For passengers the breaks are: 1) fare rules are too complex and showed only in English; 2) strong discrimination because of hard fare rules; 3) there are cultural and behavior differences in planning a travel, and 4) there are a big difference between going to the airport and going to the bus terminal. On the other hand, for LAN the breaks are: 1) the “full flexibility” fares requires simultaneous booking and purchase, 2) airport personnel Hill have bigger problems to do changes in flight tickets; 3) there is only one OW fare in a market with only OW fares in the other carriers; and 4) it’s a hard-to-explain fare structure. To solve these problems and support in applying the Laser fare structure, this research suggest the following measures: 1) improve the communication channels by living to the passenger only the most important fare rules in Spanish; 2) giving empowerment to the distribution channels by teaching them in the new fare structure; 3) creating a procedure to manage only Laser customer’s claims and improve the quality of service in airport personnel; 4) teaching passengers how to get the best deal in flight tickets (i.e. the most important fare rules); and 5) simplify the presentation of the new fare structure
Description
Keywords
SEGMENTACIÓN DE MERCADOS, AEROLÍNEAS, AEROLÍNEAS TARIFAS