Thesis Estudio sobre la estructura de precios del combustible JET-A1 en la Región de America Latina.
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Date
2007-01
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería en Aviación Comercial
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
En la presente memoria se investigan las estructuras tarifarias para el combustible de aviones jet o jet fuel, utilizadas para operaciones internacionales de pasajeros, de 16 aeropuertos a lo largo de la región latinoamericana. Luego de recopilar y ordenar la información se presenta el panorama general de las fórmulas del grupo de países en estudio seguido de un análisis por aeropuerto con respecto al cumplimiento de algunos de los objetivos a considerar en el diseño de un régimen tarifario.
Los parámetros utilizados para analizar las estructuras tarifarias son los siguientes: eficiencia de precios, dependiendo de cuán cercano al costo marginal o variable de largo plazo esté el precio final sin diferencial; equidad-justicia, relacionada con la forma de recuperación de costos a través de la presentación de cargos al usuario; y transparencia, con relación al nivel de información disponible, principalmente para el usuario.
Adicionalmente se realiza la comparación del único ítem que se repite de manera clara en las estructuras, exceptuando el precio base, correspondiente a la tasa o cargo de aeropuerto. Finalmente, con los datos disponibles se diseñan mallas estratégicas que muestran los posibles ahorros que podrían llegar a experimentar los países gestionando la disminución de distintos grupos de cargos.
Las principales conclusiones derivadas de esta memoria son las siguientes: Se ha detectado que el estándar de la industria para Latinoamérica corresponde a tarifas lineales o uniformes, con recuperación de costos sólo a través de cargos variables y muchas veces con impuestos fijos que distorsionan las fórmulas de precios. Por otra parte, se observan estructuras disímiles en cuanto a su composición (detalle de ítems) y, por lo general, un bajo nivel de desagregación y transparencia lo que impide trabajar con los datos en un ámbito econométrico.
A partir del análisis individual de los aeropuertos y con respecto al objetivo de eficiencia de precios, la mayoría de ellos presenta eficiencias entre alta y neutra, destacándose negativamente República Dominica la cual posee la tarifa más alta que sumada a una estructura muy poco transparente impide analizar qué ítem está generando valores tan elevados en su precio final sin diferencial.
Con relación al objetivo de equidad-justicia y específicamente a la asignación de costos, se puede concluir que las estructuras no presentan en forma clara una sección de cargos fijos sino sólo variables; sin embargo existen países que tienen una exposición muy buena de estos cargos variables como son Chile, Perú y Ecuador. Para el caso de México se destaca la existencia de descuentos por volumen lo que genera “subsidios cruzados” desfavoreciendo o discriminando a aerolíneas con menor nivel de consumo.
En cuanto a la transparencia detectada se advierte que los países peor calificados en la escala de calificación empleada corresponden a República Dominicana, Venezuela, Uruguay y El Salvador, los cuales poseen fórmulas que exponen sólo un ítem, exceptuando el precios base o Platts, por lo general la tasa de aeropuerto en ausencia total de información sobre costos logísticos y de internación. Asimismo existen países muy bien evaluados como es el caso de Chile y Perú, quienes presentan estructuras con un adecuado nivel de información y detalle para los participantes del sistema.
En términos de la tasa o cargo de aeropuerto esta(e) muestra ser muchas veces fija(o) y por tanto distorsionador de la fórmula de precios. Las mayores tasas promedio registradas corresponden a Ecuador y Perú con 7.74 y 7.37 US cents/gal, mientras que las menores a Venezuela, Argentina y Brasil con 0.39, 1.50 y 2.00 US cents/gal respectivamente. Cabe agregar que según la información disponible no se observa relación entre el precio y el tipo de tasa en el sentido de que esta sea fija o proporcional a una base.
Finalmente en cuanto las mallas estratégicas diseñadas, se obtienen los posibles ahorros que los países que podrían llegar a experimentar, siendo Brasil y México los que presentan mayores posibilidades de beneficiarse considerablemente.
The rate structures for jet fuel utilized for international passenger operations, of 16 airports throughout the Latin-American region, are studied in this thesis. After collecting and organizing the information, the general panorama of the structures by groups of countries in the study is presented. This is followed by an analysis per airport with respect to accomplishing some of the objectives considered in the design of a rate structure. The parameters utilized to analyze the rate structures are the following: price efficiency, depending on how close to marginal or variable long-term cost be the final price without differential; equity-justice, in relation to the recovery of costs in the charges passed on to users; and transparency, with regard to the level of available information, mainly for the user. Additionally, the comparison of the only item that is present in a clear way in the structures, excepting the base price, corresponds to airport fees or charges. Finally, with the available data strategic networks are designed that show possible savings to the countries that can be able to get through negotiations and management to the decrease different groups of charges. The main conclusions of this thesis are the following: It has been detected that the standard of the aviation fuel industry for Latin America corresponds to lineal or uniform rates, with recovery of costs only through variable charges and many times with fixed taxes that distort the price formula. On the other hand, unlikely structures in relation with the composition are observed (detail of items) and generally, a low disintegration and transparency level that impedes working the data in an econometric environment. Starting from the individual analysis of the airports and with respect to the price efficiency objective, most of them present efficiency rates within high and neuter ranges, Dominican Republic being negatively identified because it possesses the highest price in addition to a low transparency that impedes the analysis of items or the cause that generates high values in its final price. In relation to the equity-justice objective and specifically to the cost assignment, it can be concluded that the structures do not present clearly a fixed but instead only a variable section of charges. Nevertheless there exist countries that have a very good exposition of their variable charges section such as Chile, Peru and Equator. In the case of Mexico, the existence of volume discounts is emphasized because it generates "crusader subsidies or benefits" that discriminate against airlines with smaller level of consumption. With regard to the transparency observed, it should be noticed that the worst qualified countries according to the employed scale are: Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Uruguay and El Salvador, which possess price formulas that present only one item, leaving out the base price. Generally the airport fees show a total absence of logistic and internment costs information. Likewise there are countries very well evaluated, such as: Chile and Peru, which present price structures with an adequate level of information and detail for the participants of the system. Airport fees are shown to be fixed many times and therefore the price formula is distorted. The highest fee averages registered correspond to Ecuador and Peru with US$ 7.74 and 7.37 cents/gal, while the lowest to Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil with US$ 0.39, 1.50 and 2.00 cents/gal respectively. It is important to add that according to the available information no relation between price and type of rate, in the sense that this be fixed or proportional to a base, is observed. Finally, regarding strategic networks designed, the possible savings that the countries would be able to come to experience are obtained, where Brazil and Mexico have possibility to be considerably benefited.
The rate structures for jet fuel utilized for international passenger operations, of 16 airports throughout the Latin-American region, are studied in this thesis. After collecting and organizing the information, the general panorama of the structures by groups of countries in the study is presented. This is followed by an analysis per airport with respect to accomplishing some of the objectives considered in the design of a rate structure. The parameters utilized to analyze the rate structures are the following: price efficiency, depending on how close to marginal or variable long-term cost be the final price without differential; equity-justice, in relation to the recovery of costs in the charges passed on to users; and transparency, with regard to the level of available information, mainly for the user. Additionally, the comparison of the only item that is present in a clear way in the structures, excepting the base price, corresponds to airport fees or charges. Finally, with the available data strategic networks are designed that show possible savings to the countries that can be able to get through negotiations and management to the decrease different groups of charges. The main conclusions of this thesis are the following: It has been detected that the standard of the aviation fuel industry for Latin America corresponds to lineal or uniform rates, with recovery of costs only through variable charges and many times with fixed taxes that distort the price formula. On the other hand, unlikely structures in relation with the composition are observed (detail of items) and generally, a low disintegration and transparency level that impedes working the data in an econometric environment. Starting from the individual analysis of the airports and with respect to the price efficiency objective, most of them present efficiency rates within high and neuter ranges, Dominican Republic being negatively identified because it possesses the highest price in addition to a low transparency that impedes the analysis of items or the cause that generates high values in its final price. In relation to the equity-justice objective and specifically to the cost assignment, it can be concluded that the structures do not present clearly a fixed but instead only a variable section of charges. Nevertheless there exist countries that have a very good exposition of their variable charges section such as Chile, Peru and Equator. In the case of Mexico, the existence of volume discounts is emphasized because it generates "crusader subsidies or benefits" that discriminate against airlines with smaller level of consumption. With regard to the transparency observed, it should be noticed that the worst qualified countries according to the employed scale are: Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Uruguay and El Salvador, which possess price formulas that present only one item, leaving out the base price. Generally the airport fees show a total absence of logistic and internment costs information. Likewise there are countries very well evaluated, such as: Chile and Peru, which present price structures with an adequate level of information and detail for the participants of the system. Airport fees are shown to be fixed many times and therefore the price formula is distorted. The highest fee averages registered correspond to Ecuador and Peru with US$ 7.74 and 7.37 cents/gal, while the lowest to Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil with US$ 0.39, 1.50 and 2.00 cents/gal respectively. It is important to add that according to the available information no relation between price and type of rate, in the sense that this be fixed or proportional to a base, is observed. Finally, regarding strategic networks designed, the possible savings that the countries would be able to come to experience are obtained, where Brazil and Mexico have possibility to be considerably benefited.
Description
Keywords
PRECIOS, COMBUSTIBLE ASPECTOS ECONÓMICOS, AVIONES
