Thesis EVALUACIÓN TÉCNICA-ECONÓMICA DE INCORPORAR RECIRCULACIÓN DE AIRE CALIENTE SOLAR EN PROYECTOS INDUSTRIALES DE SECADO DE PRODUCTOS
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Date
2018
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
En la actualidad, las tecnologías existentes en materia de deshidratado, radican principalmente en dos sistemas. Por un lado, el deshidrato en base a la combustión de gas, el cual pese a garantizar buenos resultados, conlleva una gran inversión inicial, así como también altos costos de operación además de las implicancias medioambientales. Por el otro, un método prácticamente artesanal como lo es el deshidratado al aire libre, el cuál prácticamente no requiere inversión, tampoco interfiere con el medioambiente, pero al ser un proceso dependiente de las condiciones climatológicas no garantiza resultado alguno. Es por esto, que la presente investigación pretende apoyar los sistemas de deshidratado solar existentes con el fin de acercarlos a la población y a la vez, aumentar la eficiencia de este tipo de sistemas para hacerlos más competitivos tanto técnica como económicamente. En primera instancia se estudió la posibilidad de añadir un ducto de recirculación, el cual pretende aumentar la eficiencia del sistema reutilizando el aire que sale de la cámara de secado con propiedades de temperatura y humedad mejores que las del ambiente. Estudios posteriores demostraron que la instalación del ducto no genera los resultados esperados es por esto, que se opta por investigar el almacenamiento térmico como mejora para el deshidratado solar. La investigación derivó en la búsqueda de un material, el cual resultó ser una mezcla de 90%(w) CaCl2 y 10% Ca(NO3)2 con un 5% de la masa total de Cal como Nucleador. Dicha mezcla es capaz de almacenar 193 [kJ/kg] de energía térmica durante las horas de mayor radiación para posteriormente disipar esa energía en forma de calor útil, con un costo de 3.690 [$/kg], este aporte alcanzó una duración de 7 [horas] validadas tanto teórica como experimentalmente, lo que plantea una solución a uno de los principales problemas del deshidratado por energía solar, la dependencia de las horas de radiación para su correcto funcionamiento. En comparación con la Sal de Glauber el calor almacenado por la mezcla representa un 77,2%, siendo un 73,64% menor el costo. El aumento en las horas de aporte calórico supone un aumento sustancial en la eficiencia de los sistemas alimentados por energía solar, este aumento depende de la masa de mezcla que se introduzca al sistema, en este caso en particular, se pretende aumentar la eficiencia en un 20% y así poder prescindir completamente del uso de gas en el proceso de deshidratado en estudio. Estudios económicos demostraron la viabilidad técnico-económica de un proyecto alimentado 100% con energías limpias, con un TIR de 27%, un VAN de 132 millones de pesos y un Payback de 6 años, además de necesitar una inversión un 52% menor que la de un proyecto alimentado con energías convencionales. Una masa de 8 [Ton] de mezcla, con un volumen de 4,8 [m3], y un costo de 29.520.000 CLP, representa un 20% del calor necesario para deshidratar 6250 kg de nuez al día, que fueron los parámetros utilizados en este trabajo de título y corresponden a un proyecto a gran escala de deshidratado.Es importante destacar que además de la eficiencia energética, se busca mantener bajo los costos de inversión y operación, ya que se pretende ofrecer una alternativa a los pequeños y medianos agricultores chilenos con el fin de preferir cada vez más la alta radiación existente en el país para alimentar sus procesos, lo que significa un proceso mucho menos invasivo para el medio ambiente.
The currently existing dehydration technologies are mainly depending on two systems. The first of them is the dehydration based on gas combustion that provides guaranteed high quality results, but involves a large initial investment as well as high operating costs in addition to the environmental implications. On the other hand, there exists a natural method such as outdoor dehydration. It practically does not require investment nor the operating costs nor does it interfere with the environment, but this process depends on the weather conditions and does not guarantee any results.Therefore, the present investigation aims to support the existing solar dehydration systems to become more interesting for the population and at the same time increase the efficiency of these types of systems to make them more competitive in both technically and economically. In the first instance, the possibility of adding a recirculation duct was studied which aims to increase the efficiency of the system by reusing the air leaving the drying chamber with better temperature and humidity properties than the environmental ones. Subsequent studies showed that the installation of these ducts does not generate the expected results. Therefore, it is decided to investigate thermal storage as an improvement for solar dehydration.The investigation led to the search for a material, which turned out to be a mixture of 90% (w) CaCl2 and 10% Ca(NO3)2 with 5% of the total mass of Cal as Nucleator. This mixture is capable of storing 193 [kJ/kg] of thermal energy during the hours of highest radiation to later dissipate that energy in the form of useful heat, with a cost of 3.690 [$/kg], this contribution reached a duration of 7 [hours] validated both theoretically and experimentally, what this solution raises to one of the main problems of dehydration by solar energy, the dependence of radiation hours for proper functioning.In comparison with Glauber’s Salt, the heat stored by the mixture represents 77,2% with 73,6% being lower cost. The increase in the hours of caloric intake supposes a substantial increase in the efficiency of the systems fed by solar energy, this increase depends of the mass of mixture that is introduced to the system, in the particular case, it is intended to increase the efficiency in a 20% and thus be able to completely dispense with the use of gas in the process of dehydration under study.Economic studies showed the technical-economic viability of the project that was 100% powered by clean energy, with an IRR of 27% and NPV of 132 million [CLP] and a 6 year Payback, in addition to needing an investment 52% lower than the of a project fed with conventional energies.A mass of 8 [Ton] of mixture, with a volume of 4,8[m3], and a cost of 29.520.000 CLP, represents 20% of the head needed to dehydrate 6.250 [kg] of walnut a day, which were the parameters used in this title work and correspond to a large-scale dehydrated Project.It is important to point out that besides to the energy efficiency, it is sought to keep investment and operating cost at low level, since it is intended to offer an alternative for small and medium-sized Chilean farmers to increase the use of high radiation in the country to power their processes and that will cause a much less invasive process to the environment
The currently existing dehydration technologies are mainly depending on two systems. The first of them is the dehydration based on gas combustion that provides guaranteed high quality results, but involves a large initial investment as well as high operating costs in addition to the environmental implications. On the other hand, there exists a natural method such as outdoor dehydration. It practically does not require investment nor the operating costs nor does it interfere with the environment, but this process depends on the weather conditions and does not guarantee any results.Therefore, the present investigation aims to support the existing solar dehydration systems to become more interesting for the population and at the same time increase the efficiency of these types of systems to make them more competitive in both technically and economically. In the first instance, the possibility of adding a recirculation duct was studied which aims to increase the efficiency of the system by reusing the air leaving the drying chamber with better temperature and humidity properties than the environmental ones. Subsequent studies showed that the installation of these ducts does not generate the expected results. Therefore, it is decided to investigate thermal storage as an improvement for solar dehydration.The investigation led to the search for a material, which turned out to be a mixture of 90% (w) CaCl2 and 10% Ca(NO3)2 with 5% of the total mass of Cal as Nucleator. This mixture is capable of storing 193 [kJ/kg] of thermal energy during the hours of highest radiation to later dissipate that energy in the form of useful heat, with a cost of 3.690 [$/kg], this contribution reached a duration of 7 [hours] validated both theoretically and experimentally, what this solution raises to one of the main problems of dehydration by solar energy, the dependence of radiation hours for proper functioning.In comparison with Glauber’s Salt, the heat stored by the mixture represents 77,2% with 73,6% being lower cost. The increase in the hours of caloric intake supposes a substantial increase in the efficiency of the systems fed by solar energy, this increase depends of the mass of mixture that is introduced to the system, in the particular case, it is intended to increase the efficiency in a 20% and thus be able to completely dispense with the use of gas in the process of dehydration under study.Economic studies showed the technical-economic viability of the project that was 100% powered by clean energy, with an IRR of 27% and NPV of 132 million [CLP] and a 6 year Payback, in addition to needing an investment 52% lower than the of a project fed with conventional energies.A mass of 8 [Ton] of mixture, with a volume of 4,8[m3], and a cost of 29.520.000 CLP, represents 20% of the head needed to dehydrate 6.250 [kg] of walnut a day, which were the parameters used in this title work and correspond to a large-scale dehydrated Project.It is important to point out that besides to the energy efficiency, it is sought to keep investment and operating cost at low level, since it is intended to offer an alternative for small and medium-sized Chilean farmers to increase the use of high radiation in the country to power their processes and that will cause a much less invasive process to the environment
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
EVALUACION TECNICA ECONOMICA, RECIRCULACION DE AIRE CALIENTE, SECADO DE PRODUCTOS