Thesis PROTECCIÓN CONTRA EL FUEGO PARA EL ACERO ESTRUCTURAL
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Date
2018
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
CONSTRUCCIÓN CIVIL
Campus
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La construcción en Chile está principalmente desarrollada en hormigón armado, sin embargo, se ha podido ver en losúltimos años, un importante incremento en el uso del acero estructural, lo que ha generado la necesidad de investigar yahondar más sobre el comportamiento de este material.Dentro de este contexto, el fuego representa uno de los factores más peligrosos para este tipo de estructuras, debidoal efecto que éste genera sobre las propiedades del acero, ya que a altas temperaturas (entre los 450 y 800°C), laspropiedades mecánicas de éste se ven afectadas negativamente: su capacidad portante disminuye y su deformaciónaumenta.Ahora bien, hay factores que inciden en el tipo de incendio al cual la estructura se verá enfrentada, y esto es tambiénun punto importante a considerar, puesto que dentro del recinto puede haber elementos que actúen como comburentesdel fuego, haciendo el incendio más violento y más extenso en el tiempo. Es por esto que es necesario saber identificarqué sustancias son consideradas peligrosas, conocer las causas de un incendio y la clasificación y química de los fuegos,las formas de combatir un incendio, su comportamiento en estructuras confinadas y los estados fundamentales de éste.Al considerar y aglomerar los puntos mencionados anteriormente, es que se llega a la necesidad inminente deproteger al acero estructural de la acción del fuego, ya sea a través de métodos pasivos (que no requieren activación),métodos activos (que sí requieren activación) o una combinación de ambos.Proteger el acero permite retrasar o disminuir (según sea el método empleado), la acción del fuego sobre la estructurasoportante; dando mayores posibilidades de evacuación a las personas que se encuentren dentro de ésta y dando mástiempo a Bomberos para que llegue al lugar del siniestro. La Protección Pasiva permite demorar el tiempo de contactodel fuego con la estructura de acero, mientras que la Protección Activa, permite disminuir la velocidad de acción delfuego. En ambos casos se busca evitar, o en el peor escenario, demorar el colapso de la estructura; por lo tanto, el uso deuna combinación de ambas metodologías permite tener mejores resultados que al utilizar cada una por separado.Elegir él o los métodos más óptimos de protección contra el fuego, no pasa sólo por un tema técnico, sino queademás los aspectos estéticos, económicos y funcionales han comenzado a cobrar fuerza al momento de diseñar estasconstrucciones. Este documento se plantea como una guía que muestra los procesos y compara ventajas y desventajasde las tres metodologías de Protección Pasiva más utilizadas en Chile: Tabiquería de Yeso Cartón con propiedades deResistencia al Fuego, Pintura Intumescente y Mortero Proyectado.En cuanto a la Protección Activa, se muestran dos metodologías que son complementarias entre sí: el uso derociadores y/o sprinklers que distribuyen agua o mezclas químicas dentro del recinto, y los Sistemas de Control deHumos, que son aquellos que buscan disminuir la cantidad de gases dentro del recinto, para evitar la sofocación de laspersonas y permitir una mejor visibilidad al momento de enfrentar un incendio.
Construction in Chile is mainly developed in reinforced concrete, however, in recent years, a significant increase inthe use of structural steel has generated the need to investigate in order to have a better understanding about the behaviorof this material.Within this context, fire represents one of the most dangerous factors for this type of structures due to the effect itgenerates on the steel properties, since at high temperatures (between 450 and 800 °C), the mechanical properties of thismaterial badly affected: its carrying capacity decreases and its deformation increases.However, there are factors that affect govern the type of fire affecting the structure, and this is also an importantpoint to consider, since in the building there may be elements acting as fire oxidizers, making the fire more violent andmore extensive in time. This is why it is necessary to know what substances are considered dangerous, to know thecauses of a fire and the classification and chemistry of the fires, the ways to fight a fire, his behavior in confinedstructures and the fundamental states of it.When considering and agglomerating the points mentioned above, is that there is an imminent need to protectstructural steel from the action of fire, either through passive methods (which do not require activation), active methods(which do require activation) or a combination of both.Protecting the steel allows a delay or decrease (depending on the method used), of the action of the fire on thesupporting structure; giving greater and safer possibilities of evacuation to people and giving more time to firefighters toreach the scene of the incident. The Passive Protection allows to delay the contact time of the fire with the steelstructure, while the Active Protection, allows to reduce the speed of action of the fire. In both cases it is sought to avoid,or in the worst case scenario, delay the collapse of the structure; therefore, the use of a combination of both methodsallows having better results than using each one separately.Choosing one or more methods of protection against fire, does not only go through a technical issue, but also theaesthetic, economic and functional aspects have begun to gain strength when designing these constructions. Thisdocument is presented as a guide that shows the processes and compares advantages and disadvantages of the threePassive Protection methodologies most used in Chile: Gypsum board with Fire Resistant Properties, Intumescent Paintand Projected Cement Mortar.As for the Active Protection, two methods are shown that are complementary to each other: the use of fire sprinklersand / or fire sprinklers that distribute water with chemical mixtures inside the enclosure, and the Smoke ControlSystems, which are those that seek to reduce the amount of gases inside the enclosure, to avoid suffocation of people andallow a better visibility when facing a fire.
Construction in Chile is mainly developed in reinforced concrete, however, in recent years, a significant increase inthe use of structural steel has generated the need to investigate in order to have a better understanding about the behaviorof this material.Within this context, fire represents one of the most dangerous factors for this type of structures due to the effect itgenerates on the steel properties, since at high temperatures (between 450 and 800 °C), the mechanical properties of thismaterial badly affected: its carrying capacity decreases and its deformation increases.However, there are factors that affect govern the type of fire affecting the structure, and this is also an importantpoint to consider, since in the building there may be elements acting as fire oxidizers, making the fire more violent andmore extensive in time. This is why it is necessary to know what substances are considered dangerous, to know thecauses of a fire and the classification and chemistry of the fires, the ways to fight a fire, his behavior in confinedstructures and the fundamental states of it.When considering and agglomerating the points mentioned above, is that there is an imminent need to protectstructural steel from the action of fire, either through passive methods (which do not require activation), active methods(which do require activation) or a combination of both.Protecting the steel allows a delay or decrease (depending on the method used), of the action of the fire on thesupporting structure; giving greater and safer possibilities of evacuation to people and giving more time to firefighters toreach the scene of the incident. The Passive Protection allows to delay the contact time of the fire with the steelstructure, while the Active Protection, allows to reduce the speed of action of the fire. In both cases it is sought to avoid,or in the worst case scenario, delay the collapse of the structure; therefore, the use of a combination of both methodsallows having better results than using each one separately.Choosing one or more methods of protection against fire, does not only go through a technical issue, but also theaesthetic, economic and functional aspects have begun to gain strength when designing these constructions. Thisdocument is presented as a guide that shows the processes and compares advantages and disadvantages of the threePassive Protection methodologies most used in Chile: Gypsum board with Fire Resistant Properties, Intumescent Paintand Projected Cement Mortar.As for the Active Protection, two methods are shown that are complementary to each other: the use of fire sprinklersand / or fire sprinklers that distribute water with chemical mixtures inside the enclosure, and the Smoke ControlSystems, which are those that seek to reduce the amount of gases inside the enclosure, to avoid suffocation of people andallow a better visibility when facing a fire.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
ACERO ESTRUCTURAL, CONSTRUCCION EN CHILE, PROTECCION CONTRA EL FUEGO