Thesis Impacto fiscal del envejecimiento poblacional y mitigación a través de la participación laboral de personas mayores en Chile: proyecciones al 2030
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Date
2026-07
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Program
Ingeniería Comercial
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Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Esta investigación analiza el impacto fiscal del envejecimiento poblacional en Chile y estima en qué medida una mayor participación laboral de las personas mayores podría mitigar la presión proyectada sobre las finanzas públicas hacia 2030. El estudio adopta un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo-proyectivo y de simulación aplicada, centrado en el gasto en salud, la Pensión Garantizada Universal (PGU) y los cuidados de largo plazo, junto con los efectos tributarios y contributivos asociados al empleo formal de personas mayores. La metodología utiliza un modelo de equilibrio parcial construido con información oficial demográfica, fiscal, laboral y macroeconómica. Se analiza la evolución histórica entre 1992 y 2024, se aplican perfiles etarios de gasto a las proyecciones de población para 2025-2030 y se simulan tres escenarios de mayor participación laboral: conservador, moderado y ambicioso. El modelo distingue entre mitigación fiscal estricta, asociada a ingresos tributarios adicionales, y efecto ampliado, que incorpora también los flujos contributivos previsionales sin tratarlos como ingresos directos del Gobierno Central. Los resultados muestran que, entre 2024 y 2030, la población total aumentaría aproximadamente 2,9%, mientras que la población de 65 años o más crecería 28,1%. Bajo perfiles reales de gasto constantes, el gasto agregado en salud, PGU y cuidados aumentaría desde $22.346.587 millones hasta $25.571.089 millones, expresados en pesos reales de 2024. Esto representa un incremento de $3.224.502 millones y un crecimiento acumulado de 14,4%. La descomposición del incremento muestra que $694.001 millones, equivalentes al 21,52%, se explican por el crecimiento del tamaño poblacional, mientras que $2.530.501 millones, equivalentes al 78,48%, se asocian al cambio de la composición etaria. En 2030, el gasto en salud concentraría 70,8% del total proyectado, la PGU 26,8% y los cuidados de largo plazo 2,4%. Los escenarios laborales generarían entre 41.138 y 123.415 empleos formales adicionales. La recaudación tributaria asociada fluctuaría entre (...).
This study analyses the fiscal impact of population ageing in Chile and estimates the extent to which higher labour-force participation among older persons could mitigate the projected pressure on public finances by 2030. The research adopts a quantitative, descriptiveprojective, and applied simulation approach, focusing on public expenditure on health, the Universal Guaranteed Pension (PGU), and long-term care, together with the tax and contributory effects associated with the formal employment of older persons. The methodology is based on a partial-equilibrium model constructed using official demographic, fiscal, labour-market, and macroeconomic data. The study examines historical trends between 1992 and 2024, applies age-specific expenditure profiles to population projections for 2025-2030, and simulates three scenarios of increased labour-force participation: conservative, moderate, and ambitious. The model distinguishes between strict fiscal mitigation, associated with additional tax revenue, and an expanded contributory effect, which also incorporates pension contributions without treating them as direct revenue of the Central Government. The results indicate that between 2024 and 2030 the total population would increase by approximately 2.9%, while the population aged 65 and over would grow by 28.1%. Under constant real expenditure profiles, aggregate spending on health, the PGU, and long-term care would rise from CLP 22,346,587 million to CLP 25,571,089 million, expressed in 2024 real pesos. This represents an increase of CLP 3,224,502 million and cumulative growth of 14.4%. The decomposition indicates that CLP 694,001 million, equivalent to 21.52% of the increase, is associated with total population growth, while CLP 2,530,501 million, equivalent to 78.48%, is associated with changes in the age composition. By 2030, health expenditure would account for 70.8% of the projected total, the PGU for 26.8%, and long-term care for 2.4%. The labour-market scenarios would generate between 41,138 and 123,415 additional formal jobs. The associated tax revenue would range from (...).
This study analyses the fiscal impact of population ageing in Chile and estimates the extent to which higher labour-force participation among older persons could mitigate the projected pressure on public finances by 2030. The research adopts a quantitative, descriptiveprojective, and applied simulation approach, focusing on public expenditure on health, the Universal Guaranteed Pension (PGU), and long-term care, together with the tax and contributory effects associated with the formal employment of older persons. The methodology is based on a partial-equilibrium model constructed using official demographic, fiscal, labour-market, and macroeconomic data. The study examines historical trends between 1992 and 2024, applies age-specific expenditure profiles to population projections for 2025-2030, and simulates three scenarios of increased labour-force participation: conservative, moderate, and ambitious. The model distinguishes between strict fiscal mitigation, associated with additional tax revenue, and an expanded contributory effect, which also incorporates pension contributions without treating them as direct revenue of the Central Government. The results indicate that between 2024 and 2030 the total population would increase by approximately 2.9%, while the population aged 65 and over would grow by 28.1%. Under constant real expenditure profiles, aggregate spending on health, the PGU, and long-term care would rise from CLP 22,346,587 million to CLP 25,571,089 million, expressed in 2024 real pesos. This represents an increase of CLP 3,224,502 million and cumulative growth of 14.4%. The decomposition indicates that CLP 694,001 million, equivalent to 21.52% of the increase, is associated with total population growth, while CLP 2,530,501 million, equivalent to 78.48%, is associated with changes in the age composition. By 2030, health expenditure would account for 70.8% of the projected total, the PGU for 26.8%, and long-term care for 2.4%. The labour-market scenarios would generate between 41,138 and 123,415 additional formal jobs. The associated tax revenue would range from (...).
Description
Keywords
Sostenibilidad fiscal, Participación laboral, Pensión Garantizada Universal, Empleo formal, Gasto público, Cuidados de largo plazo, Proyecciones fiscales, Sistema previsional, Envejecimiento poblacional
