Publication: ESTUDIO DEL EFECTO DE LA PLANIFICACIÓN DEL SUMINISTRO DE PERFILES DE ACERO EN EL PROCESO DE MONTAJE ESTRUCTURAL DE COSTANERAS
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Date
2016
Authors
ABARZA DURÁN, JOSÉ MANUEL
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Abstract
La Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico (CDT) de la Cámara Chilena de la Construcción (CChC) determinó que, en Chile, el 20% del tiempo destinado a una obra de construcción se desperdicia en actividades que no agregan valor ni contribuyen al avance (CDT, 2013). Si bien este valor fue determinado por la CDT mediante mediciones hechas en obras de edificación, el tiempo desperdiciado puede ser cuantificado para cualquier tipo de obra. A pesar de esto, la literatura muestra que se carece de datos científicos en torno al problema de los desperdicios productivos en el sector de la construcción industrial, lo cual limita el entendimiento de sus causas. Esta falta de conocimiento motivó la realización de esta investigación en terreno, llevada a cabo en una obra de montaje estructural en acero, denominada “Storage Center”, ubicada en Viña del Mar.La investigación se inició con un extensivo estudio en terreno enfocado al efecto perturbador de los camiones con suministro sobre el proceso de montaje de costaneras. Como resultado, se formularon dos hipótesis: (1) Es posible implementar exitosamente un sistema de registro de actividades en obra mediante cámaras de video inalámbricas de funcionamiento autónomo y (2) La planificación del suministro de perfiles de acero orientada al proceso resulta en una reducción de sus desperdicios productivos. Para probar las hipótesis, se diseñó e implementó un experimento comparativo siguiendo los lineamientos del método científico. Inicialmente, se estudió el uso de recursos por el proceso y, mediante mediciones, se cuantificaron sus pérdidas productivas. Los datos obtenidos fueron utilizados para rediseñar e implementar una nueva logística para la cadena de suministro. Finalmente, se volvió a medir la utilización de recursos por el proceso, a modo de comparar los desperdicios productivos creados por el proceso en su estado normal y en su estado modificado.Un elemento central del estudio es la definición clara de las actividades del proceso, su categorización de acuerdo a su aporte productivo al proceso e identificar aquellas que clasifican como pérdidas productivas. Para la creación de datos científicos robustos, también se requirió de la utilización de métodos estadísticos para las mediciones en terreno. El énfasis está en los tiempos y recursos laborales requeridos para el desarrollo de las tareas del proceso. Las mediciones de los parámetros antes descritos se realizaron utilizando el registro visual de la obra captado por un sistema de observación en base a cámaras de video dispuestas en terreno.La capacidad brindada por el sistema de monitoreo utilizado para registrar de forma autónoma y continua no sólo el desempeño de un trabajador en obra, sino que el de todos los trabajadores de un proceso y los recursos utilizados por este, demostró ser fundamental para completar este estudio, confirmando a cabalidad el cumplimiento de la primera hipótesis. Por otro lado, los resultados del experimento comparativo demostraron que es posible reducir aproximadamente en un 40% los desperdicios productivos del proceso de montaje de costaneras mediante una planificación del suministro de perfiles de acero orientada al proceso, validando la segunda hipótesis. La experiencia adquirida en terreno permitió comprobar la existencia de grandes desperdicios productivos en una obra, así como también el impacto positivo que genera en ésta una gestión centrada en su reducción, dentro del paradigma actual del rubro.
The Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico (CDT) of the Cámara Chilena de la Construcción (CChC) determined that, in Chile, 20% of time spent in construction site is wasted on activities that add no value and do not contribute to its progress (CDT, 2013). While CDT established this number through measurements made on buildings sites, the time wasted can be quantified for any type of construction work. Unfortunately, the literature shows no scientific data about the problem of production waste in the industrial sector, limiting the understanding of its causes. This lack of knowledge led to this research, carried out on a construction site for a large structural steel building, a “Storage Center”, located in Viña del Mar.The research began with an extensive field study focusing on the disruptive effect of the supply trucks on the purlin assembly process. As a result, two hypotheses were formulated: (1) It is possible to successfully implement a recording system of activities on site using wireless and stand-alone video cameras, and (2) process-oriented planning of steel sections supply results in a reduction of process waste. To test the hypotheses, a comparative experiment utilizing scientific methods was designed and implemented. Initially, the use of resources was studied followed by measurements to define the amounts of production waste. The obtained data was used for the re-design and implementation of a new supply chain logistic. Finally, the measurements of resource utilization by the modified process were repeated, in order to compare the production waste created by the normal and the modified process.A central element of the study was clear definition of process activities, their categorization according to their contribution to the process, and classification of production waste. The establishment of scientifically sound data also required statistical methods for on-site measurements. Emphasis is on the time and labor resources required for the process tasks development. The measurements of the parameters described above were performed using video cameras installed on site to create a visual record.The capability provided by the monitoring system used to record autonomously and continuously not only the performance of a single worker, but that of all workers and resources used in the process at once, proved invaluable for conducting this study, fully confirming the first hypothesis. On the other hand, comparative experiments results showed that it is possible to reduce approximately 40% of production waste in purlin assembly process through a process-oriented supply planning, thereby undoubtedly validating the second hypothesis. The experience acquired through the field study allowed to verify the existence of a significant amount of production waste on site, as well as the positive impact that a waste-based management has on the productivity of a construction site within the current paradigm of the industry.
The Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico (CDT) of the Cámara Chilena de la Construcción (CChC) determined that, in Chile, 20% of time spent in construction site is wasted on activities that add no value and do not contribute to its progress (CDT, 2013). While CDT established this number through measurements made on buildings sites, the time wasted can be quantified for any type of construction work. Unfortunately, the literature shows no scientific data about the problem of production waste in the industrial sector, limiting the understanding of its causes. This lack of knowledge led to this research, carried out on a construction site for a large structural steel building, a “Storage Center”, located in Viña del Mar.The research began with an extensive field study focusing on the disruptive effect of the supply trucks on the purlin assembly process. As a result, two hypotheses were formulated: (1) It is possible to successfully implement a recording system of activities on site using wireless and stand-alone video cameras, and (2) process-oriented planning of steel sections supply results in a reduction of process waste. To test the hypotheses, a comparative experiment utilizing scientific methods was designed and implemented. Initially, the use of resources was studied followed by measurements to define the amounts of production waste. The obtained data was used for the re-design and implementation of a new supply chain logistic. Finally, the measurements of resource utilization by the modified process were repeated, in order to compare the production waste created by the normal and the modified process.A central element of the study was clear definition of process activities, their categorization according to their contribution to the process, and classification of production waste. The establishment of scientifically sound data also required statistical methods for on-site measurements. Emphasis is on the time and labor resources required for the process tasks development. The measurements of the parameters described above were performed using video cameras installed on site to create a visual record.The capability provided by the monitoring system used to record autonomously and continuously not only the performance of a single worker, but that of all workers and resources used in the process at once, proved invaluable for conducting this study, fully confirming the first hypothesis. On the other hand, comparative experiments results showed that it is possible to reduce approximately 40% of production waste in purlin assembly process through a process-oriented supply planning, thereby undoubtedly validating the second hypothesis. The experience acquired through the field study allowed to verify the existence of a significant amount of production waste on site, as well as the positive impact that a waste-based management has on the productivity of a construction site within the current paradigm of the industry.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
CADENA DE SUMINISTRO , GESTION DE LA CONSTRUCCION , PERDIDAS PRODUCTIVAS , PROCESO DE MONTAJE , PRODUCTIVIDAD