Browsing by Author "Sanchez Wolf, Marisol Marcela"
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Thesis ANÁLISIS Y PROPUESTA DE MEJORA DEL PLAN NACIONAL DE MITIGACIÓN DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO EN EL SECTOR ENERGÍA(2018) Sanchez Wolf, Marisol Marcela; Departamento de Industrias; Olmedo Hidalgo, Juan Carlos; Jara Tirapegui, WilfredoThe reliance on fossil fuels to supply current energy needs generates greenhousegases (GHG), which accumulates in the atmosphere causing a global rise of theearth temperatura. Because of this, the whole world there have been proposedseveral mitigation and adaptation measures in order to improve people quality of lifeand stop the increase of global temperature.In 1995, under the system of Conferences of the Parties (COP), countries begannegotiations to strengthen the global response to climate change. In this context, atthe meeting of Copenhagen at 2009 (COP 15), arises the initiative in favor of thestabilization of the climate, inside a range of 2°c as a maximum increase above thepre-industrial temperature (1750).The biggest challenge of Paris Conference of the Parties - COP21 - it were to renewthe commitment initiated in Kyoto and to approve a binding agreement to reducesemissions and to avoid the increase in temperature more than 2 ºC. In the ParisAgreement (COP 21), Chile commits to reduce the intensity of emissions by 30%,that is, to decrease from 1,02 [tCO2e / MMCLP $] to 0,71 [tCO2e / MMCLP $]. In thecase of the energy sector, it is considered that the intensity of emission to the year2007 corresponds to 0,75 [tCO2e / MMCLP $], therefore in order to reach the target,the intensity of emission should be 0,52 [tCO2e / MMCLP $].Within this context, Chile has presented an emission mitigation plan for the energysector called the National Plan. In this research, an improvement proposal to theNational Plan based on international experience it is analyzed and developed.In the context of public policies, due the complexity of the transition to a kind ofdevelopment with lower carbon intensity, there is not a single policy or measure to guarantee effectiveness in GHG mitigation or to solve the problem of climate change.Thus, between the different countries and parties involved a combination ofinstruments is usually the strategy mostly applied to face climate change.Instruments can be directly oriented to the reduction of CO2 emissions or bedesigned for the reduction of the energy consumption, which manages to reduceemissions as a consequence.Among the public policies implemented by the government of Chile, there is theemission standard for thermoelectric power plants that, although it does not establishan explicit GHG emission limit, constitutes an instrument through which it is possibleto set standards to regulate thermoelectric plants that has as a result lower GHGemissions.A second policy corresponds to the law 20/25 (No. 20.698) of non-conventionalrenewable energies where there is no distinction between different technologies andeach one has different requirements to promote its development. On the other hand,the quotas established by the law are not representative and could be duplicated bythe end of 2024. Finally, are the generators who decide whether buy energy withNCRE or pay the fines.A third policy it refers to Law 20.780 (Article 8) based on emissions taxes, which canpromote the substitution of products, changes in energy production structures andencourage energy savings, as well as investment on improving energy efficiency.However, one of the disadvantages of this tax seen in the short term corresponds tothe increase on prices of related products, and therefore the companies costs,weakening the competitiveness of energy-intensive industries putting and overalllimit to economic growth.Within the results, it was determinated that the measures proposed in this plan arenot sufficient to fulfill the commitments of emission reduction acquired by Chile alCOP 21 and those additional efforts must be made. For this, it is proposed toimproved the efficiency standards in thermal facilities, based on the EuropeanUnion´s trade system (EU ETS) and establish new policies that discourage the useof conventional cars and promote electromobility.From international experience, it is inferred that carbon taxes are not an effectivemeasurement for GHG mitigation, because it is too difficult to be tested. In severalcases, there are no relevant effects, nor is it possible to establish certainty betweenthe reduction of emissions and the existence of the tax. In a report developed by theWorld Bank, it is pointed out that in countries where carbon emission reductionshave been achieved, carbon tax schemes have been complemented with other measures such as the setting of emission standards.From the MACC analysis it is inferred that the most cost-efficient measurementscorrespond to those associated to the transport sector in which could be mentionedthe electromobility of taxis and light vehicles. However, it is worth mentioning theneed to points efforts to eliminate barriers to the implementation of more costeffectivemeasures, which together would generate a net economic benefit andwould allow to meet international commitments at the lowest possible cost.Electrify transport and house heating, as well as other industrial uses that may useelectricity, it becomes interesting to fulfill with the reduction of GHG. An importantpoint is viewed in the transport sector, not only to promote the massive electrificationof different means, but also, to promote a change to more sustainable and lowemissions transport ways. However, it must be taken into account how this impactson unemployment, since the workshops that exist today will be vacant due to thelong-term decline of conventional cars.Based on international experience, it is observed that the short-term future trend itis based on the improvement of thermal plants with the removal of very old andinefficient units, operational improvements in critical equipment and the setting ofefficiency standards for new plants.Finally, the system that has the European Union EU ETS, is a system that has theadvantage that sets the maximum limit per industry which ensures and requires areduction in GHG emissions and it is not focused only on thermoelectric plants, butIt covers all industries.
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