Browsing by Author "ROMERO OLEA, VANESSA MAGDALY"
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Thesis ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD TÉCNICO-ECONÓMICA PARA LA GENERACION DE CALOR PARA PROCESOS MINEROS DEL NORTE GRANDE, UTILIZANDO ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA DE COSTO MARGINAL BAJO(Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2017) ROMERO OLEA, VANESSA MAGDALY; ROMERO OLEA, VANESSA MAGDALY; ESPINOZA SILVA, JAIME; Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria UTFSM INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA; BARRAZA VICENCIO, RODRIGO SEBASTIÁNThe objective of this study is to assess the electric system alternatives and applications that allow to improve global efficiency of the system, making flexible the management of the generation of new business models, that integrate methods of storage and energy transformation mainly, for industrial processes.The competitor level, due to the new participants in electric energy generation, NCREs technologies (solar and wind) mainly, have decreased the costs of energy at the level of regulated customers (bidding with historical prices) and have opened the possibility to free customers to negotiate lower prices in their contracts. From this perspective comes the opportunity to assess new ways of energy commercialization. Aiming to increase the efficiency of the system and to optimize the existing resources of electric energy, alternatives and applications that make flexible the management of generation and consumption were assessed, with new business models, which mainly integrate storage methods and energy transformation.As the first optimizing alternative of the system, a business model was proposed that aims to supply thermal energy to mining processes such as electrowinning and electrorefining. Both techniques requiring the same energy resources.The value of the energy produced by diesel was analyzed, reaching a standardized value from the ENAP diesel value plus 7 USD/MWh (administration and transport costs). When adding the additional costs of technology (maintenance of heaters, efficiency of 75% of the equipment, etc.) the value of the thermal energy through its utilization increased to a real value of approximately 68 USD/MWh (diesel price 500 USD/ m3).For the studied plant that produces 125.000 TM of fine copper every year, a required energy of 20.558 MWh/year was calculated, which is currently supplied through diesel fuel. Coverage of 75% of yearly thermal energy was considered provided by the PV plant (photovoltaic plant).As a product, the mining company would decrease in 15.419 MWh/year of thermal energy coming from the diesel, avoiding a consumption of 1.550 m3/year of the fuel. Therefore, the business would have an added value by clean energy utilization which would allow a reduction of 4.580 ton CO2/ year, valued in 27.482 USD/year.While developing the economical assessment, the following assumptions were formulated: energy fee of 18.000 MWh/year, operation and maintenance of 0,173 MMUSD/year, investment costs of 1,6 MMUSD, price for energy purchase of 42 USD/MWh and sale price ofVI68 USD/MWh and an assessment horizon of 6 years. As a result of the cash flow, the internal rate of return (IRR) resulted to be 10,69%, which is acceptable to carry out investment in the proposed system. The maximum price of purchase calculated to make the project viable was 44 USD/MWh. Nevertheless, the minimum price offered by the generator was 60 USD/MWh.As a second proposal, a research was carried out about the effects of intermittent energy in the electric system, its costs of integration and the effect of its variability in the maintenance of the thermal power plant, due to the cycling or load variation.The model of business that was proposed consist in constant dispatch of electric energy coming from the thermal power plant, in the case there are excess, they will be utilized on the impulsion of water to the pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS).Regarding its operation, the consumer condition will be acknowledged as well as the generator by the CDEC. The energy will be valued through negotiation of contracts PPA (power purchase agreement) or agreed on the Spot market.Developing the economic assessment, the following assumptions were formulated: average power of 80 MW pumping, 4620 working hours per year (generation and pumping), costs of operation and maintenance of 18 USD/kW/year [33], investment costs for 1000 USD/kW energy purchase price 40 USD/MWh and sale price 81,49 USD/MWh and an assessment horizon of 30 years. As a result of the cash flow, the internal rate of return (IRR) resulted in 4.10%, the value was not acceptable for investment in the proposed system. The minimum sale price calculated to make the project viable was 97.4 USD/MWh, obtaining an internal rate of return of 8,00%.
