Browsing by Author "Quinteros Manzor, Paulina Valeria"
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Thesis ESTIMACIÓN DE RENDIMIENTO DE MAÍZ UTILIZANDO EL MÉTODO DE CLASIFICACIÓN Y REGRESIÓN A TRAVÉS DE LA OPTIMIZACIÓN ENTERA(2011-01) Quinteros Manzor, Paulina Valeria; Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María. Departamento de Industrias; ORTEGA BLU, RODRIGO; ACOSTA ESPEJO, LUIS GONZALOHabitualmente, se tienen débiles relaciones entre rendimiento y variables de fertilidad de suelos (que son las más usadas por los productores), imposibilitando la realización de apropiadas estimaciones de rendimiento. En esta memoria se presenta la obtención de un modelo capaz de predecir el rendimiento, particularmente de maíz, gracias a un análisis de los datos previo a la generación de regresiones, que consiste en un análisis de conglomerados con diversas variantes que dependen de cómo se trabajen las variables, es decir, de manera estandarizadas o con análisis de componentes principales; y, además, con la variante extra que corresponde a la incorporación (o no) de la única variable extrínseca de la base de datos, la dosis de Nitrógeno aplicada, evaluando el efecto que el manejo de ésta produce en las estimaciones. La muestra total de datos de 180 observaciones se obtuvo de un estudio realizado por Ortega y colaboradores (2002), en el cual los datos fueron recolectados espacialmente, demarcando los límites de campo y obteniendo muestras de suelo y rendimiento con la intensidad adecuada para lograr la dependencia espacial. Las propiedades del suelo intrínsecas medidas fueron: elevación (Cota), P, N disponible, K extraíbles, pH, materia orgánica, bases intercambiables (Ca, Mg, Na y K), DTPA micronutrientes (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). El método utilizado para la obtención de las regresiones entre las diversas variables predictoras y la variable dependiente, Rendimiento, es el método CRIO, el cual trabaja minimizando el error absoluto de la estimación y tiene la principal ventaja de eliminar las observaciones que considere como atípicas dentro de la matriz de datos, antes de estimar la regresión, a diferencia de otros métodos que las eliminan una vez estimada la regresión. Es por ello que se generan las regresiones por medio de la aplicación de este método en el software Lingo y además se genera una regresión por medio de la estimación con Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO), en SPSS que sirve de parámetro comparativo para determinar cuánto aporta el método CRIO. Se consiguió una excelente validación del modelo propuesto, en donde se validaron todos los supuestos estadísticos, aunque no se consiguieron resultados tan buenos en la validación cruzada. Además se encontraron excelentes ventajas al incluir el manejo en la regresión, es decir, al incluir la variable extrínseca.Thesis INFLUENCIA DE LA BRECHA SALARIAL ENTRE MUJERES Y HOMBRES COMO MOTIVACIÓN PARA QUE UNA MUJER EMPRENDA EN CHILE(2018) Quinteros Manzor, Paulina Valeria; Departamento de Ingeniería Comercial; Tapia Gertosio, Juan FranciscoLately, the international community has set equality and respect for human rights as one ofthe main themes to be addressed by the countries, recommending that concrete actions bedeveloped to overcome inequalities and discriminations of all kinds. In this context, genderequality has become an unavoidable goal in modern democracies.In the last study done in 2012 about the search for gender equality (OECD), OECD countriesidentified the three most important questions of gender equality: violence against women,persistent wage disparity between genders, and the unequal distribution of unpaid labor.Although the roots of discrimination are diverse and complex, and go beyond the limits ofeconomy, having more to do with prejudice; it has been proposed that there is economicdiscrimination against women when these, having “the same capability, level of education,training, and experience as men, receive an inferior treatment at the time of hiring, theaccess to employment, raises, salaries, or work conditions” (McConnell, 2007).Young women in OECD countries and in Latin America have more years of education thanyoung men, on average, but a lower probability of obtaining a paid job. The gender gapswiden with age, since maternity tends to have negative effects on women’s wages andprofessional promotions.In the case of Chile, various studies show that there is a wage gap between men and womenthat is not based on productivity and that can only be explained by gender discriminationor economic discrimination against women, consisting mainly of underpayment thatpunishes them 15%, on average, but reaching more than 110% in some jobs.In all OECD countries, women have a persistent economic disadvantage compared to men,even in industrialized countries. Even though Chile approved, in 2009, Law 20,348 thatprotects the right to equal wages between men and women, there are still wage gapsbetween sexes in all economic and productive sectors.On the other hand, studies show that in 20 more years, approximately 50% of companies,and paid jobs that we have as we know them today, will not exist, which is why the task isto train the people who will create future companies, making it very important to encourageentrepreneurship in our nation, since it will be the engine of growth for the economy offuture generations.The percentage of women entrepreneurs is lower than the percentage of men involved innew businesses, which speaks to the persistence of the gender gap, in this area as well, inChile and internationally. According to the latest EME, 2015 (Survey of Microbusiness, forits initials in Spanish) a mere 38.1% is female entrepreneurship; and of these businesses,50% are operated from the home, this number goes down to 16.2% for businesses that have men as their owners. In addition, those which belong to men operate, for the most part,full-time, while those which are under ownership of women are part-time or just a fewhours a week.Chile continues to stand out among the OECD countries as the economy with the highestprevalence of adults who claim to be entrepreneurs. Of all the countries that participatedin GEM 2016, Chile is in 7th place for the highest intention to start a business (48%), whenconsidering the entire adult population.The reasons for starting a business are very diverse in character, and the entrepreneurialspirit is the common factor. However, the women are confronted with more hurdles whenit comes to starting a business: lack of capital o difficulties in access to capital, lack oftraining and preparation, reduced access to opportunities and, generally, women assumevarious roles and responsibilities in their homes, which men do not have. In terms of thekind of motivation for entrepreneurship in Chile, 75% of men indicate that they started abusiness because of an opportunity, a number that, when it comes to women, only 57.2%indicate that they did so due to an opportunity.Among the conditioning or influencing factors, known at present, that lead to a womandeciding to start a business in Chile are factors like financing, policies offering public aid,training, social networking and contacts, perception of abilities, and family roles, amongothers. According to Jeanne Halladay (2002), the universal motivation that drives womento start a business is the need to generate income. If a woman had the same opportunitiesto obtain the same amount of money that a man in the same work could make, thismotivation would diminish.After conducting a poll for this study and after its analysis, Chilean women entrepreneurswere shown to have certain characteristics; in the vast majority, they had been in highereducation and more than 50% were the primary source of income or contributed to thehousehold income equal to their partner. In the study sample, women who have completeda professional degree and have no children stand out, representing 23.1% of the total.The primary limitations evidenced among women entrepreneurs in our nation, and ingeneral, the primary difficulty that they had confronted was the ability to find new clientsfor their business. The primary economic limitation has been the difficulty of accessingfinancing whether it be through banking entities or state programs and was also registeredas among the primary negative features of forming a new business. The primary social andcultural limitation with which women are faced is the horizontal segregation of the market,which has helped maintain gender stereotypes related to appropriate women’s roles. Allthis is well reflected in one of the primary difficulties presented by women entrepreneurs,that they had to dedicate far more time to the care of family and/or children and householdchores than their male counterparts.67% of the women polled worked as an employee prior to starting the new business,although 49% of these indicate that their income as a salaried employee was inferior to thatof their male counterparts, this gender pay gap factor that exists between men and womenin our nation is not an influencing or motivational factor for deciding to start a new business;as are other factors like wishing to be their own boss, work in or from the house, and takingownership of their time, thus distributing their time as they wished to face the householdchores and the care of children and/or other family members. This latter factor is both amotivation and, at the same time, a difficulty, since it is a role still solely associated withwomen, for which reason, when she decides to become an entrepreneur, because she willthus have more time for them, while at the same time, when the woman has started thebusiness, it takes valuable time away needed to make the business grow and to dedicate tothe search for new clients, training, strengthening of the product or service, among manyother labors that being the owner of a business requires.
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