Publication: Desarrollo de mecanismos regulatorios para el incentivo de infraestructura que brinde al sistema eléctrico nacional niveles de inercia y de potencia de cortocircuito eficientes
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Date
2023-07
Authors
Reyes Sanhueza, Ariel Alejandro
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Abstract
Chile ha establecido metas ambiciosas para incrementar la participación de las energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC) en su matriz energética. Este estudio aborda algunos de los desafíos y recomendaciones para el Sistema Eléctrico Nacional (SEN) en el contexto de una creciente penetración de energías renovables no convencionales, lo que requiere el desarrollo de herramientas técnicas, económicas y regulatorias para asegurar la seguridad y calidad del servicio. La transición hacia una matriz energética con mayor presencia de ERNC plantea retos en la operación del sistema eléctrico. Específicamente, las tecnologías basadas en electrónica de potencia, como la energía eólica y fotovoltaica, impactan la robustez del sistema eléctrico. Dos parámetros fundamentales para medir esta robustez son la inercia sistémica, que evalúa la estabilidad de la frecuencia, y la potencia de cortocircuito, que representa la "rigidez" del voltaje en una barra. Para abordar estos desafíos, se analizan diversas tecnologías que pueden fortalecer el sistema eléctrico, destacando dos de ellas: los condensadores sincrónicos y los convertidores formadores de redes (GFM). Luego, se realiza una evaluación económica de la instalación de esta infraestructura, presentando cinco casos de estudio. Las recomendaciones y conclusiones principales del estudio se basan en el análisis de experiencias internacionales, con énfasis en dos países líderes en este ámbito: Reino Unido y Australia. El Reino Unido ya ha llevado a cabo licitaciones para implementar nuevas infraestructuras que aporten robustez a su sistema, incluyendo la tecnología de convertidores GFM, mientras que Australia cuenta con una normativa técnica avanzada para medir y responder ante un déficit de inercia o potencia de cortocircuito. Se enfatiza la importancia de desarrollar herramientas para medir la inercia en tiempo real, mencionando las experiencias del Reino Unido y ENTSO-e, que recomiendan el uso de Unidades de Medida de Fasores (PMUs). Esto permitiría reducir los requerimientos mínimos de inercia, disminuyendo así los costos de operación del sistema. Considerando la experiencia internacional y la evaluación económica, se recomienda medidas para enfrentar los desafíos mencionados: la implementación de normativas técnicas que permitan la instalación de convertidores GFM, la creación de nuevos servicios complementarios de estabilidad, licitaciones con periodos de prestación del servicio más reducido y el uso de herramientas de medición de inercia en tiempo real. Además, se destaca el creciente valor de la inercia sistémica y la potencia de cortocircuito en el mercado eléctrico. Con estas medidas, Chile estará mejor preparado para afrontar la creciente integración de energías renovables no convencionales en su matriz energética y garantizar un suministro eléctrico seguro y eficiente.
Chile has established ambitious goals to increase the participation of variable renewable energy (ERV) in its energy market. This study addresses some of the challenges and recommendations for the National Electric System (SEN, by its acronym in Spanish) in the context of a growing penetration of non-conventional renewable energies, which requires the development of technical, economic, and regulatory tools to ensure the safety and quality of service. The transition to an energy matrix with a higher presence of ERV poses challenges in the operation of the electrical system. Specifically, power electronics-based technologies, such as wind and photovoltaic energy, impact the robustness of the electrical system. Two fundamental parameters for measuring this robustness are systemic inertia, which evaluates frequency stability, and short-circuit power, which represents the "stiffness" of voltage at a bus. To address these challenges, various technologies that can strengthen the electrical system are analyzed, highlighting two of them: synchronous condensers and grid-forming converters (GFM). Subsequently, an economic evaluation of installing this infrastructure is presented, including five case studies. The main recommendations and conclusions of the study are based on the analysis of international experiences, with emphasis on two leading countries in this field: the United Kingdom and Australia. The United Kingdom has already conducted tenders to implement new infrastructure to enhance the robustness of its system, including GFC technology, while Australia has advanced technical regulations for measuring and responding to inertia or short circuit power deficits. The importance of developing real-time inertia measurement tools is emphasized, mentioning the experiences of the United Kingdom and ENTSO-e, which recommend the use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). This could reduce the minimum inertia requirements, thus lowering the operational costs of the system. Considering international experience and the economic evaluation, measures are recommended to address the mentioned challenges: the implementation of technical regulations allowing the installation of GFCs, the creation of new complementary stability services, tenders with shorter service provision periods, and the use of real-time inertia measurement tools. Additionally, the increasing value of systemic inertia and short-circuit power in the electricity market is highlighted. With these measures, Chile will be better prepared to face the growing integration of non conventional renewable energies into its energy matrix and ensure a safe and efficient electricity supply.
Chile has established ambitious goals to increase the participation of variable renewable energy (ERV) in its energy market. This study addresses some of the challenges and recommendations for the National Electric System (SEN, by its acronym in Spanish) in the context of a growing penetration of non-conventional renewable energies, which requires the development of technical, economic, and regulatory tools to ensure the safety and quality of service. The transition to an energy matrix with a higher presence of ERV poses challenges in the operation of the electrical system. Specifically, power electronics-based technologies, such as wind and photovoltaic energy, impact the robustness of the electrical system. Two fundamental parameters for measuring this robustness are systemic inertia, which evaluates frequency stability, and short-circuit power, which represents the "stiffness" of voltage at a bus. To address these challenges, various technologies that can strengthen the electrical system are analyzed, highlighting two of them: synchronous condensers and grid-forming converters (GFM). Subsequently, an economic evaluation of installing this infrastructure is presented, including five case studies. The main recommendations and conclusions of the study are based on the analysis of international experiences, with emphasis on two leading countries in this field: the United Kingdom and Australia. The United Kingdom has already conducted tenders to implement new infrastructure to enhance the robustness of its system, including GFC technology, while Australia has advanced technical regulations for measuring and responding to inertia or short circuit power deficits. The importance of developing real-time inertia measurement tools is emphasized, mentioning the experiences of the United Kingdom and ENTSO-e, which recommend the use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). This could reduce the minimum inertia requirements, thus lowering the operational costs of the system. Considering international experience and the economic evaluation, measures are recommended to address the mentioned challenges: the implementation of technical regulations allowing the installation of GFCs, the creation of new complementary stability services, tenders with shorter service provision periods, and the use of real-time inertia measurement tools. Additionally, the increasing value of systemic inertia and short-circuit power in the electricity market is highlighted. With these measures, Chile will be better prepared to face the growing integration of non conventional renewable energies into its energy matrix and ensure a safe and efficient electricity supply.
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Keywords
Recursos energéticos renovables , Tecnología de convertidores , Medición de inercia