Thesis ESTUDIO DE ROTURA DE DEPÓSITOS DE RELAVES CON MIRAS AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO
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Date
2022-11
Authors
CERVELA BALBONTÍN, JOSÉ PABLO
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Abstract
Los depósitos de relaves son estructuras diseñadas para confinar de manera segura los relaves provenientes de las plantas de concentración de minerales. Por la composición de sus yacimientos, Chile es un país con una gran cantidad de relave, lo que ha significado un riesgo para la sociedad y el medioambiente que se encuentran ubicados aguas abajo del depósito debido a la posibilidad que sus muros sufran un evento de rotura y liberen el material almacenado en su interior. La distancia que recorre el material de relave desde el muro hasta su punto de detención se conoce como distancia peligrosa. Si bien el mecanismo de falla preponderante de los relaves en Chile ha sido la sismicidad, los eventos de rebalse por precipitaciones intensas también han generado roturas en los muros de tranques de arena. Esta memoria tiene como objetivo evaluar la incidencia del cambio climático en la distancia peligrosa de los relaves mediante métodos empíricos de Lucia y Rico y utilizando proyecciones climatológicas globales de temperatura e intensidad de precipitación. Para ello se utilizaron series temporales obtenidas desde la plataforma Mawün para las locaciones de los relaves y se calculó la distancia peligrosa de cada uno de los depósitos seleccionados, luego se repitió el cálculo aplicando las proyecciones climatológicas a los inputs de los modelos. A partir de esto se compararon ambos resultados y se establecieron las variaciones en la distancia peligrosa de los relaves al considerar el cambio climático. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron preliminarmente una baja variación en las distancias peligrosas, implicando así una baja incidencia de los futuros cambios pluviométricos en la distancias de escurrimiento. Por su parte, las precipitaciones no adicionaron una cantidad significativa de volumen en los depósitos de relaves. Además, cuando se utilizaron correlaciones con el volumen de los depósitos como parámetro de entrada, el método de Rico arrojó distancias peligrosas sobredimensionadas.
Tailing dams are structures designed to safely retain tailings from concentration plants. Due to its mining history Chile has a considerable number of tailings, resulting in downstream society and environmental risks due the possibility of a dam break. The kilometers the tailings slurry downstream is known as run-out distance. While seismic failure is the principal failure mechanism for tailing dams in Chile, overtopping mechanism due to intense rainfall is also present in the history of failure events. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of the climate change in the run-out distance of a tailing dam using both Lucia and Rico empirical methods and climate global projections of temperature and extreme rainfall. This was done using time series obtained from Mawün platform to the locations of the tailing dams. The run-out distance was calculated whit this information and recalculated with the climate global projections. Both results were compared to highlight the influence of climate change. The results shown a little variation between calculated run-out distances, which implies a low importance of the rainfall future changes in run-out distance. For its part, extreme rainfall did not add a considerable volume to the tailing dams. Besides, the model of Rico correlations that use the dam volume as an input parameter provided overestimated run-out distances.
Tailing dams are structures designed to safely retain tailings from concentration plants. Due to its mining history Chile has a considerable number of tailings, resulting in downstream society and environmental risks due the possibility of a dam break. The kilometers the tailings slurry downstream is known as run-out distance. While seismic failure is the principal failure mechanism for tailing dams in Chile, overtopping mechanism due to intense rainfall is also present in the history of failure events. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of the climate change in the run-out distance of a tailing dam using both Lucia and Rico empirical methods and climate global projections of temperature and extreme rainfall. This was done using time series obtained from Mawün platform to the locations of the tailing dams. The run-out distance was calculated whit this information and recalculated with the climate global projections. Both results were compared to highlight the influence of climate change. The results shown a little variation between calculated run-out distances, which implies a low importance of the rainfall future changes in run-out distance. For its part, extreme rainfall did not add a considerable volume to the tailing dams. Besides, the model of Rico correlations that use the dam volume as an input parameter provided overestimated run-out distances.
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Keywords
RELAVES MINEROS , DEPOSITOS DE RELAVES , CAMBIOS CLIMATICOS