Thesis DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA DE GESTIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA PARA CENTROS DE SALUD DE LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE PROVIDENCIA BASADO EN LA NORMA ISO 50001:2011
Date
2020-04
Authors
TORRES MENDOZA, ÁLVARO IGNACIO
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Abstract
La preocupación en la sociedad por la degradación del medio ambiente y el cambio climático debido al crecimiento de 36% del consumo de energía en los últimos 25 años 1 ha aumentado y es sustentada en las evidencias observadas sobre la relación positiva entre consumo energético, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y temperatura media de la atmósfera. Líderes organizacionales y políticos han puesto el énfasis en las consecuencias y riesgos a los que están expuestos los países, empresas, el sistema financiero y la economía global, principalmente poner en peligro la seguridad alimentaria y el hábitat humano. Lo anterior ha llevado a que gobiernos y organizaciones hayan emprendido acciones para abordar este tema de forma coordinada 2 ante una posible pérdida de billones de dólares y de millones de vidas 3 . Dado lo anterior, la civilización se ve enfrentada a un desafío dual: (i) satisfacer la demanda energética de una industria en rápido desarrollo, y (ii) disminuir la emisión de GEI. En esta línea, la implementación de sistemas de gestión de energía y proyectos relacionados emergen como los principales instrumentos para superar el desafío, debido a su potencial para reducción del consumo energético, equivalente hasta un 40 % del consumo de energía primaria en el mundo sin sacrificar el desempeño productivo (más que cualquier otra tecnología energética) 4 . Los Sistemas de Gestión de la Energía (SGEn) son el conjunto de elementos organizacionales conectados que logran implementar una política energética, reducir el consumo, aumentar la eficiencia y establecer beneficios económicos para que la energía sea considerada dentro de los objetivos estratégicos del negocio. El alcance del SGEn diseñado contempla tres Centros de Salud Familiar de la comuna de Providencia (CESFAM Alessandri, CESFAM Leng y CESFAM El Aguilucho) y su diseño está basado en dos instrumentos metodológicos: (i) un análisis de brechas que responde a la pregunta ¿cómo está la gestión actual respecto a la norma ISO 50001? y, (ii) una revisión energética que define el perfil cuantitativo de uso, consumo y oportunidades de mejora en energía. Respecto al análisis de brechas, los resultados obtenidos muestran que ninguno de los centros cumple en más de 20 % algún requisito, destacándose el hecho de que no presentan planificación alguna respecto al desempeño energético. Sin embargo, la Alta Dirección comparte la importancia de mejorar el desempeño, aunque lo han representado únicamente a través de inversión en iluminación de bajo consumo. Los resultados de la revisión energética muestran que los Centros consumen más electricidad que gas (67.737.571 CLP y 565.644 kWh versus 6.469.731 CLP y 109.091 kWh), exhiben consumos peak en invierno (Leng y Alessandi en julio mientras El Aguilucho en junio) y el principal uso significativo de energía (USEn) es la climatización (50,30 % en Leng, 39,80 % en Alessandri y 33,50 % en El Aguilucho) por delante de las TICs (en 3 centros), Calefacción de agua caliente sanitaria (en 2 centros, CESFAM Alessandri y El Aguilucho) e iluminación (1 centro, CESFAM Leng). Debido a lo anterior, el diseño presentado pone foco en (i) la concientización y educación de todo empleado en tópicos de desempeño energético y elementos técnicos referentes a los USEn; (ii) definición de roles encargados de la ejecución del SGEn que sean especialistas en los USEn; (iii) promover la implementación de nuevas tecnologías y mejores hábitos de consumo (especialmente en climatización, TICs y calefacción de agua), y; (iv) abarcar los puntos anteriores en compromisos dentro de la política energética y procedimientos para su cumplimento, según la norma. Finalemente, se evalúa económicamente dos planes de acción energética. Respecto al cambio de equipos HVAC se obtiene VAN = 2.126.940 CLP, TIR = 14,80 % y Payback = 5 años y en la implementación de paneles fotovoltaicos VAN = 38.970.623 CLP, TIR = 18,08 % y Payback = 5 años.
Society’s concerns about environmental degradation and climate change caused by an increase of 36 % of energy consumption on the last 25 years 5 has grown sustained on the evidence of positive correlation between energy consumption, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and atmospheric mean temperature. Organizational and political leaders are focused on the negative impact and the risks which countries, businesses, stock exchange systems and the whole global economy are exposed, most notably on the risks about food security and human habitat loss. Thus, governments and organizations has taken coordinate actions 6 in other to save trillions of dollars and millions of lives 7 . Given this context, civilization it’s on a dual challenge: (i) satisfy industry’s growing energy demand and (ii) reduce the GHG emissions. Energy Management Systems (EnMS) has emerged as the most efficient and effective way to deal with this challenge due to it’s energy consumption reduction potential of almost 40 % of primary energy of the world, more than any other energy-related technology 8 . EnMS’s are the set of organization’s connected elements, which implement an energy policy, reduce consumption, increase efficiency and establish economical profit in order to put energy in the business agenda and strategy. This EnMS scope is three medical centres (Alessandri, Leng and El Aguilucho) and it’s design is based on two methodological instruments: (i) gap analysis, focused on obtain the differences between present energy management on the scope of the EnMS and ISO 50001 full compliance of requirements and (ii) energy review, a method to analyse energy use and consumption based on measurement and other organizational data in order to define improvements. Gap analysis results show that none of the centres accomplishes more than 20 % of any ISO 50001 requirements, but the top management is aware of the relevance of energy performance and it’s improvement even though there is no energy planning or consumption tracking. This awareness is shown specifically on LED light bulbs investments. Energy review process shows that the centres consume more electricity than gas (67.737.571 CLP y 565.644 kWh versus 6.469.731 CLP y 109.091 kWh) have consumption peaks in winter and the most significant energy use (SEnU) is air conditioning (Leng: 50,30%, Alessandri: 39,80 % and El Aguilucho: 33,50 %) followed by ITCs, domestic water heating and illumination. Thus, this EnMS design it’s focused on: (i) collaborator’s awareness and education about energy performance and SEnUs technical topics (ii) create energy managers profile to guarantee the attraction of candidates who are SEnUs specialists, (iii) promote investment in new technologies and better consumption habits (specially on air conditioning, ITCs and domestic water heating) and (iv) resume the last three points in the energy policy and define processes for requirements compliance. Finally, 2 energy management action plans where economically assessed. First, HVAC equipment replacemnt obtained an NPV = 2.126.940 CLP, IRR = 14,80 % and Payback = 5 years and second, PV panel implementation obtained NPV = 38.970.623 CLP, IRR = 18,08 % and Payback = 5 years.
Society’s concerns about environmental degradation and climate change caused by an increase of 36 % of energy consumption on the last 25 years 5 has grown sustained on the evidence of positive correlation between energy consumption, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and atmospheric mean temperature. Organizational and political leaders are focused on the negative impact and the risks which countries, businesses, stock exchange systems and the whole global economy are exposed, most notably on the risks about food security and human habitat loss. Thus, governments and organizations has taken coordinate actions 6 in other to save trillions of dollars and millions of lives 7 . Given this context, civilization it’s on a dual challenge: (i) satisfy industry’s growing energy demand and (ii) reduce the GHG emissions. Energy Management Systems (EnMS) has emerged as the most efficient and effective way to deal with this challenge due to it’s energy consumption reduction potential of almost 40 % of primary energy of the world, more than any other energy-related technology 8 . EnMS’s are the set of organization’s connected elements, which implement an energy policy, reduce consumption, increase efficiency and establish economical profit in order to put energy in the business agenda and strategy. This EnMS scope is three medical centres (Alessandri, Leng and El Aguilucho) and it’s design is based on two methodological instruments: (i) gap analysis, focused on obtain the differences between present energy management on the scope of the EnMS and ISO 50001 full compliance of requirements and (ii) energy review, a method to analyse energy use and consumption based on measurement and other organizational data in order to define improvements. Gap analysis results show that none of the centres accomplishes more than 20 % of any ISO 50001 requirements, but the top management is aware of the relevance of energy performance and it’s improvement even though there is no energy planning or consumption tracking. This awareness is shown specifically on LED light bulbs investments. Energy review process shows that the centres consume more electricity than gas (67.737.571 CLP y 565.644 kWh versus 6.469.731 CLP y 109.091 kWh) have consumption peaks in winter and the most significant energy use (SEnU) is air conditioning (Leng: 50,30%, Alessandri: 39,80 % and El Aguilucho: 33,50 %) followed by ITCs, domestic water heating and illumination. Thus, this EnMS design it’s focused on: (i) collaborator’s awareness and education about energy performance and SEnUs technical topics (ii) create energy managers profile to guarantee the attraction of candidates who are SEnUs specialists, (iii) promote investment in new technologies and better consumption habits (specially on air conditioning, ITCs and domestic water heating) and (iv) resume the last three points in the energy policy and define processes for requirements compliance. Finally, 2 energy management action plans where economically assessed. First, HVAC equipment replacemnt obtained an NPV = 2.126.940 CLP, IRR = 14,80 % and Payback = 5 years and second, PV panel implementation obtained NPV = 38.970.623 CLP, IRR = 18,08 % and Payback = 5 years.
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Keywords
NORMA ISO 50001:2011 , GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA , EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA