Thesis OPORTUNIDADES Y BARRERAS PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES NO CONVENCIONALES EN EL MERCADO ELÉCTRICO COLOMBIANO
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Date
2016
Authors
RUEDA QUINTERO, ANGEL JOSE
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Abstract
En el mundo actual, las necesidades de combustible para suplir los requerimientos energéticos de la vida moderna son abastecidos con cerca de 80% de la producción mundial de hidrocarburos, y a medida que los países se desarrollan y sus poblaciones aumentan, también crecen sus demandas energética y con ello las graves consecuencias para el medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. Para el caso de Colombia, la generación de energía primaria proviene en su mayoría de la hidroelectricidad, dada la abundancia del recurso en el país. En segundo lugar se presentan los combustibles fósiles (petróleo, gas y carbón), con la consecuente emisión de agentes contaminantes que implica la combustión de este tipo de energéticos. Por ejemplo en el 2014, las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) como resultado del consumo de combustibles fósiles en todo el mundo sumaron cerca de 35,7 Gt1. En busca de una solución energética real y viable, el concepto de la generación a través de fuentes renovables no convencionales toma fuerza como opción para abastecer de energía eléctrica al consumidor. En sintonía con esta tendencia, este trabajo de tesis se enfocó en las oportunidades y barreras para el desarrollo de las energías renovables no convencionales en el mercado eléctrico Colombiano, especialmente las fuentes eólicas, solares, biomasa y geotérmica.Este trabajo de tesis parte definiendo el concepto de fuente no convencional de energía renovable, abordando los aspectos técnicos básicos de generación para la producción de electricidad; Posteriormente se hace una descripción detallada del mercado eléctrico mayorista en Colombia, revisando su estructura, regulación, formación de precios y matriz tecnológica de generación.De igual manera se hace un repasos del estado del arte de las energías renovables tanto en el panorama nacional como mundial, en este último se hace foco en los casos de los mercados en Europa y Suramérica, revisando suscaracterísticas, oportunidades, riesgo y en espacial las lecciones aprendidas.A partir de la información recopilada y procesada, se presenta un análisis crítico de las oportunidades de desarrollo que tendrían las FNCER2 al ser integradas en el mercado eléctrico mayorista en Colombia, de igual manera se describen las posibles barreras tanto técnicas, operativas y económicas que pudiesen limitar su participación en el mercado, de igual forma se presenta un análisis de los beneficios directos e indirectos y las posibles estrategias para enfrentar las barreras anteriormente identificas.Finalmente el último apartado, señala las conclusiones y recomendaciones, las cual recogen y sintetizan los principales aportes de la tesina, dentro de los cuales podemos destacar: - Primero, no existe una formula única para la integración de las FNCER son variadas y distintas, todo dependerá de las políticas públicas, la disponibilidad del recurso y por último el mercado. -Segundo, que los incentivos propuestos por la ley 1715 de 2015 (reducción de Impuestos) aunque bastante buenos, no resulta suficiente ya que de acuerdo a la estructuración del mercado. - Tercero, Colombia es un país privilegiado, ya que posee alto potencial de fuentes no convencionales de energías renovables (viento, sol, biomasa, geotermia) que aún no han sido aprovechadas.
In today's world, needs fuel to meet the energy requirements of modern life are stocked with about 80% of world production of hydrocarbons, and as countries develop and their populations increase, so do their energy demands and with it serious consequences for the environment and natural resources. In the case of Colombia, the generation of primary energy comes mostly hydroelectricity, given the abundance of the resource in the country. Second fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) are presented, with the consequent emission of pollutants that involves the combustion of this type of energy. For example in 2014, emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a result of fossil fuel consumption dioxide worldwide totaled about 35.7 Gt3. Looking for a real and viable energy solution, the concept generation through non-conventional renewable sources takes force as an option to supply electric power to the consumer. In line with this trend, this thesis work focused on opportunities and barriers to the development of non-conventional renewable energies in the Colombian electricity market, especially wind, solar, biomass and geothermal sources.The present thesis part defining the concept of unconventional renewable energy source, addressing the basic technical aspects of generation for electricity production; Subsequently, a detailed description of the wholesale electricity market in Colombia is reviewing its structure, regulation, pricing and technology generation matrix.Likewise, an review the state of the art of renewable energies in the national and world stage, in the latter, focus was on cases of markets in Europe and South America is reviewing its characteristics, opportunities, risk and space lessons learned. From the collected and processed information, a critical analysis of the development opportunities that have the FNCER to be integrated into the wholesale electricity market in Colombia, likewise possible both technical, operational and economic that could be described presents you limit your market share, just as an analysis of the direct and indirect benefits and possible strategies to address presented above identify barriers.Finally, the last section outlines the conclusions and recommendations, which collect and summarize the main contributions of the thesis, in which we highlight: - First, there is no single formula for the integration of FNCER are varied and different, all will depend on public policies, availability of resources and ultimately the market. -Second, The 1715 law proposed by 2015 (reduction of tax) incentives although quite good, is not enough because according to the structure of the market. - Third, Colombia is a privileged country, possessing high potential of unconventional renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, geothermal) that have not yet been exploited.
In today's world, needs fuel to meet the energy requirements of modern life are stocked with about 80% of world production of hydrocarbons, and as countries develop and their populations increase, so do their energy demands and with it serious consequences for the environment and natural resources. In the case of Colombia, the generation of primary energy comes mostly hydroelectricity, given the abundance of the resource in the country. Second fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) are presented, with the consequent emission of pollutants that involves the combustion of this type of energy. For example in 2014, emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a result of fossil fuel consumption dioxide worldwide totaled about 35.7 Gt3. Looking for a real and viable energy solution, the concept generation through non-conventional renewable sources takes force as an option to supply electric power to the consumer. In line with this trend, this thesis work focused on opportunities and barriers to the development of non-conventional renewable energies in the Colombian electricity market, especially wind, solar, biomass and geothermal sources.The present thesis part defining the concept of unconventional renewable energy source, addressing the basic technical aspects of generation for electricity production; Subsequently, a detailed description of the wholesale electricity market in Colombia is reviewing its structure, regulation, pricing and technology generation matrix.Likewise, an review the state of the art of renewable energies in the national and world stage, in the latter, focus was on cases of markets in Europe and South America is reviewing its characteristics, opportunities, risk and space lessons learned. From the collected and processed information, a critical analysis of the development opportunities that have the FNCER to be integrated into the wholesale electricity market in Colombia, likewise possible both technical, operational and economic that could be described presents you limit your market share, just as an analysis of the direct and indirect benefits and possible strategies to address presented above identify barriers.Finally, the last section outlines the conclusions and recommendations, which collect and summarize the main contributions of the thesis, in which we highlight: - First, there is no single formula for the integration of FNCER are varied and different, all will depend on public policies, availability of resources and ultimately the market. -Second, The 1715 law proposed by 2015 (reduction of tax) incentives although quite good, is not enough because according to the structure of the market. - Third, Colombia is a privileged country, possessing high potential of unconventional renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, geothermal) that have not yet been exploited.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
ENERGIA ELECTRICA , ERNC , FNCER , GEI , LEY DE FOMENTO , MERCADO ELECTRICO