Thesis GENERACIÓN DE PELLETS Y COMPOST A PARTIR DE RESIDUOS AGRÍCOLAS
Date
2017
Authors
SOTO ROJAS, NICOLÁS JUMO
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
El proyecto realiza una cuantificación de residuos agrícolas en el recinto de FeriaMayorista Femacal, ubicada en La Calera, Valparaíso, la cual es una de las ferias más grandesdel país y que posee una superficie total de 6.000 [m2] aproximadamente. La problemáticaradica en la gestión de los residuos agrícolas y el costo del transporte de estos, por lo que sebusca la posibilidad de convertir esta biomasa en algún otro recurso de valor. Por lo tanto, sehizo un levantamiento de información en La Feria, donde se concluye que hay cerca de 900[ton/semana] de productos, tales como frutas, vegetales y semillas, y se generanaproximadamente 28 [ton/semana] de residuos agrícolas.Luego de la cuantificación de la biomasa, se realizan ensayos de medición dehumedad y poder calorífico de los residuos agrícolas presentes en la feria, lo que permiterealizar una caracterización de este tipo de biomasa presente en la feria Femacal, tomandocuatro muestras representativas y obteniendo como resultado importantes parámetros, talescomo la humedad promedio de las muestras de 85% y poder calorífico inferior (PCI)promedio de 13.766 [kJ/kg]. Estos resultados demuestran que existe una fuente potencial deenergía en estos residuos agrícolas.Para la evaluación económica de la planta de tratamiento de residuos agrícolas sedescarta el proceso de compostaje, principalmente debido a la alta duración de estos procesos,los cuales pueden demorar varias semanas y en segundo lugar, debido al bajo precio de ventade compost. Por lo que se opta por la tecnología de densificación de biomasa como lo es elpeletizado, en donde se obtienen pellets como productos aumentando el poder calorífico deestos residuos agrícolas y obteniendo un potencial energético considerable.Para el aprovechamiento energético de este tipo de biomasa, se debe tener un procesode secado eficiente, por lo que se opta por la utilización de la tecnología de Techo SolarActivo, en donde se aprovecha la energía solar para aumentar la temperatura del aire desecado y así, poder secar estos residuos agrícolas vegetales y disminuir la humedad desde un85% hasta un 15%, que es lo ideal para el proceso de peletizado.iiSe evalúa una planta de procesamiento de biomasa, realizando el secado de unacantidad inicial de 5.000 [kg/día] de residuos agrícolas húmedos, obteniendo cerca de 900[kg] de material seco dispuestos para el proceso de peletización.Los diferentes tipos de ingresos que se proyectan para la planta de peletizado estáncompuestos por el concepto de venta de pellets de biomasa e ingreso por arriendo del galpón,estimados en 7.530 [UF/año] y el ahorro por concepto de recolección de residuos agrícolas,estimado en 380 [UF/año].Los principales costos de la planta de peletizado radican en los costos de Inversión,compuesto principalmente por el costo de la infraestructura (construcción de galpón einstalación de Techo solar activo), costo de obras civiles y equipos, los que suman un costototal de 19.624 [UF]. Por otro lado, los costos de operación de la planta (Opex) se estimanen 2.524 [UF] al año.A modo de conclusión de la evaluación, se obtienen indicadores económicos positivosen la evaluación de la planta, obteniendo como resultados el VAN = 2.963,32 [UF],equivalente a $ 78.015.402 pesos chilenos, y TIR=18,89%. En el análisis de sensibilidad semuestra que el proyecto solo es rentable si se construye una planta de al menos 2.000 [m2],esto se debe principalmente a la evaluación de ingreso por concepto de arriendo de laestructura. Además se tiene que el proyecto es factible solo si el precio de venta de pellets esde más de 200 [CLP/kg].Finalmente se evalúan otras opciones a ser consideradas para incorporar en la feriaFemacal, las que incluyen la posibilidad de la construcción de una planta de frutadeshidratada de 200 [m2], en donde con esa cantidad de superficie de Techo Solar Activo,las frutas presentes en Femacal obtienen un valor agregado para su venta. Alternativa quetambién se evalúa económicamente en un horizonte de 10 años. Se tiene el secado de 436[kg/día] de frutas, obteniendo 80 [kg/día] de fruta deshidratada. A un precio de ventapromedio de 6.280 [CLP], se obtienen unos ingresos de 4.579 [UF/año].Los principales costos de la planta estarán dados por los costos de Inversión, principalme ntepor la Infraestructura (Galpón y Techo Solar) y los equipos para el proceso de deshidratado,estimados en 6.576 [UF]. Los costos de operación serán de 2.500 [UF], representados por losiiicostos de mano de obra, energía y mantención de equipos. Finalmente se obtienenindicadores positivos representados en VAN=2417,80 [UF] y TIR=24,4%. Lo que demuestraque el proyecto de procesamiento de frutas y verduras es factible para el caso de la FeriaFemacal.
The project carries out a quantification of agricultural residues at the Feria Mayorista LaCalera “Femacal”, located in La Calera, Valparaíso, which is one of the largest fairs in thecountry and has a total area of 6,000 [m2]. The problem lies in the management of agricultura lresidues and the cost of transporting them, so the possibility of converting this biomass tosome other resource of value is sought. Therefore, a survey was conducted at La Feria, whereit is concluded that there are about 900 [ton/week] of products, such as fruits, vegetables andseeds, and approximately 28 [ton/week] of agricultural waste.After the quantification of the biomass, tests are carried out to measure the moisture andcalorific value of the agricultural residues present at the fair, which allows a characterizat ionof this type of biomass present at the Femacal. Four representative samples were analyzedand important parameters were obtained, such as the average sample humidity of 85% andthe lower calorific value of 13,766 [kJ/kg]. These results demonstrate that there is a potentialsource of energy in these agricultural residues.In the economic evaluation of the agricultural waste treatment plant, the composting processis ruled out, mainly due to the high duration of these processes, which can take several weeksand secondly, due to the low sales price of compost. As a result, biomass densificat iontechnology is used, such as pelletizing, where pellets are obtained as products, increasing thecalorific value of these agricultural residues and obtaining considerable energy potential.For the energy use of this type of biomass, an efficient drying process must be performed,which is why the use of Active Solar Roof technology is used, where solar energy is used toincrease the temperature of the drying air and thus, be able to dry these agricultural vegetableresidues and reduce humidity from 85% to 15%, which is ideal for the pelletizing process.The biomass processing plant is evaluated by drying an initial amount of 5,000 [kg / day] ofmoist agricultural waste, obtaining about 900 [kg] of dry material ready for the pelletizingprocess.The different types of income that are projected for the pellet plant are composed of the saleof pellets of biomass and income from lease of the warehouse, estimated at 7,530 [UF/year]and savings for the collection of agricultural waste, estimated at 380 [UF/year].vThe main costs of the pelletizing plant are in the costs of investment, composed mainly ofthe cost of the infrastructure (construction of shed and installation of active solar ceiling),cost of civil works and equipment, which add up to a total cost of 19,624 [UF]. On the otherhand, the operating costs of the plant (Opex) are estimated at 2,524 [UF] per year.As a conclusion, positive economic indicators are obtained in the evaluation of the plant,obtaining as result the NPV = 2,963 [UF] and IRR = 18.89%. In the sensitivity analysis it isshown that the project is only profitable if a plant of at least 2,000 [m2] is constructed, thisis mainly due to the income evaluation for lease of the structure. In addition, the project isfeasible only if the pellet sales price is more than 200 [CLP/kg].Finally, other options to be considered for incorporation in the Femacal fair are evaluated,including the possibility of building a dehydrated fruit plant of 200 [m2], where with thatamount of Active Solar Roof, the fruits present In Femacal get added value for sale. Thisoption was also evaluated economically over a 10 year horizon. Drying of 436 [kg/day] offruits is obtained, obtaining 80 [kg/day] of dehydrated fruit. At an average selling price of6,280 [CLP], revenues are obtained at 4,579 [UF / year].The main costs of the plant are in the investment costs, mainly in the Infrastructure(Warehouse and Active Solar Roof) and equipment for the dehydration process, estimated at6,576 [UF]. Operating costs are 2,500 [UF], represented by costs of labor, energy andequipment maintenance. Finally the economic indicators are positive, represented in NPV =2417 [UF] and IRR = 24.4%. This demonstrates that the fruit and vegetable processingproject is feasible in “Feria La Calera”.
The project carries out a quantification of agricultural residues at the Feria Mayorista LaCalera “Femacal”, located in La Calera, Valparaíso, which is one of the largest fairs in thecountry and has a total area of 6,000 [m2]. The problem lies in the management of agricultura lresidues and the cost of transporting them, so the possibility of converting this biomass tosome other resource of value is sought. Therefore, a survey was conducted at La Feria, whereit is concluded that there are about 900 [ton/week] of products, such as fruits, vegetables andseeds, and approximately 28 [ton/week] of agricultural waste.After the quantification of the biomass, tests are carried out to measure the moisture andcalorific value of the agricultural residues present at the fair, which allows a characterizat ionof this type of biomass present at the Femacal. Four representative samples were analyzedand important parameters were obtained, such as the average sample humidity of 85% andthe lower calorific value of 13,766 [kJ/kg]. These results demonstrate that there is a potentialsource of energy in these agricultural residues.In the economic evaluation of the agricultural waste treatment plant, the composting processis ruled out, mainly due to the high duration of these processes, which can take several weeksand secondly, due to the low sales price of compost. As a result, biomass densificat iontechnology is used, such as pelletizing, where pellets are obtained as products, increasing thecalorific value of these agricultural residues and obtaining considerable energy potential.For the energy use of this type of biomass, an efficient drying process must be performed,which is why the use of Active Solar Roof technology is used, where solar energy is used toincrease the temperature of the drying air and thus, be able to dry these agricultural vegetableresidues and reduce humidity from 85% to 15%, which is ideal for the pelletizing process.The biomass processing plant is evaluated by drying an initial amount of 5,000 [kg / day] ofmoist agricultural waste, obtaining about 900 [kg] of dry material ready for the pelletizingprocess.The different types of income that are projected for the pellet plant are composed of the saleof pellets of biomass and income from lease of the warehouse, estimated at 7,530 [UF/year]and savings for the collection of agricultural waste, estimated at 380 [UF/year].vThe main costs of the pelletizing plant are in the costs of investment, composed mainly ofthe cost of the infrastructure (construction of shed and installation of active solar ceiling),cost of civil works and equipment, which add up to a total cost of 19,624 [UF]. On the otherhand, the operating costs of the plant (Opex) are estimated at 2,524 [UF] per year.As a conclusion, positive economic indicators are obtained in the evaluation of the plant,obtaining as result the NPV = 2,963 [UF] and IRR = 18.89%. In the sensitivity analysis it isshown that the project is only profitable if a plant of at least 2,000 [m2] is constructed, thisis mainly due to the income evaluation for lease of the structure. In addition, the project isfeasible only if the pellet sales price is more than 200 [CLP/kg].Finally, other options to be considered for incorporation in the Femacal fair are evaluated,including the possibility of building a dehydrated fruit plant of 200 [m2], where with thatamount of Active Solar Roof, the fruits present In Femacal get added value for sale. Thisoption was also evaluated economically over a 10 year horizon. Drying of 436 [kg/day] offruits is obtained, obtaining 80 [kg/day] of dehydrated fruit. At an average selling price of6,280 [CLP], revenues are obtained at 4,579 [UF / year].The main costs of the plant are in the investment costs, mainly in the Infrastructure(Warehouse and Active Solar Roof) and equipment for the dehydration process, estimated at6,576 [UF]. Operating costs are 2,500 [UF], represented by costs of labor, energy andequipment maintenance. Finally the economic indicators are positive, represented in NPV =2417 [UF] and IRR = 24.4%. This demonstrates that the fruit and vegetable processingproject is feasible in “Feria La Calera”.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
BIOMASA , COMPOST , ENERGIA SOLAR , FERIA LA CALERA , PELLETS , RESIDUOS AGRICOLAS