Thesis BENEFICIOS SOCIALES, AMBIENTALES Y ECONÓMICOS EN LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE PLANTAS DE BIOGÁS PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE DESECHOS GANADEROS EN CHILE
Date
2016
Authors
CASTRO SOTO, IVÁN ANDRÉS
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Abstract
El aumento de la demanda de energía, el agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles yla contaminación ambiental está obligando a las gobiernos a buscar nuevas estrategiaspara generar energía a partir de nuevas fuentes y tecnologías. En este contexto, la energíarenovable se presenta como una buena alternativa para resolver este problema. El biogásgenerado a través de la digestión anaeróbica a partir de residuos orgánicos es una fuentede energía sostenible y renovable que contribuye al ahorro de energía y reduce los dañosambientales. El estiércol animal obtenido de las explotaciones de cría y engorde es unafuente relevante para la producción de biogás. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar elpotencial actual de producción de biogás en Chile a partir de estiércol animal (ganado,porcino y avícola) y realizar la evaluación económica de una planta de biogás para elsegmento de productores que cuenten con una masa ganadera de entre 100 y 500 cabezasde ganado.Los resultados de este trabajo indican que Chile tiene un potencial de producción debiogás de 1.106,1 millones de m3/año, lo que corresponde a una generación eléctrica de2.521.895 MWh/año. A su vez, representa una capacidad instalable de 320 MW (1,6%de la capacidad instalada actual del país). La principal fuente para el potencial calculadocorresponde a estiércol avícola (78,9 %), seguido por el estiércol de cerdos y bovinos(15,5 y 5,6 %, respectivamente). En términos de distribución espacial sobre el territorio,la producción de biogás se encuentra altamente concentrada en las regiones de O´Higginsy Metropolitana, con un 88,6% del total nacional. Esto se debe principalmente a la granconcentración de recursos avícolas en esas regiones producto de la localización de laindustria aviar, lo que permite obtener elevados coeficientes de disponibilidad del recurso.El ganado bovino presenta baja disponibilidad del recurso debido a la baja proporciónde planteles estabulados a nivel nacional lo que dificulta la recolección del estiércol. Elsegmento seleccionado de ganado bovino presenta una producción de biogás de 33.525m3/año para 100 cabezas de ganado y 167.626 m3/año para 500 cabezas de ganado. Latecnología considerada para la evaluación de las plantas de biogás corresponde a la tradicionaleuropea. La capacidad instalada de las plantas se encuentra entre 9 y 47 KW,con una inversión de 16.139 y 53.016 USD respectivamente. Los indicadores económicospromedios (considerando tres escenarios energéticos), con una tasa de descuento de 10%y un periodo de evaluación de 20 años para cada una de estas plantas son: VAN de US$19.930 , TIR de 23% y Payback de 6 años para la planta con base 100 cabezas de ganadoy VAN de US$ 140.759 , TIR de 37% y Payback de 4 años para la planta con base 500cabezas de ganado.
Increasing demand for energy, depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution isforcing government agencies to look for new strategies to generate energy from new sourcesand technologies. In this context, renewable energy is presented as a good alternative tosolve this problem. Biogas generated through anaerobic digestion from organic waste is asustainable and renewable energy source that contributes to energy savings and reducesenvironmental damage. Animal manure obtained from breeding and fattening farms is arelevant source for biogas production.The objective of this work is to present the current potential of biogas productionin Chile from animal manure (cattle, swine and poultry) and to carry out the economicevaluation of a biogas plant for the segment of producers that have a stocking densityof Between 100 and 500 head of cattle. The findings of this study indicated that biogaspotential of 1.106,1 million m3=year could be produced from animal waste in Chile whichcould provide an electricity generation of 2.521.895 MWh/ year and corresponds to 320MW of installed capacity from this source. The main production of biogas comes frompoultry (78,9 %), followed by pigs and cattle (15,5 and 5,6% respectively).In terms ofspatial distribution over the territory, biogas production is highly concentrated in tworegions (O’Higgins and Metropolitana), with 88,6% of the national total. This is mainlydue to the high concentration of poultry resources in these regions, as a result of the locationof the poultry industry, which makes it possible to obtain high coecients of availability ofthe resource. The bovine cattle presents displays low availability of the resource due to thelow confinement of livestock at national level which makes dicult the collection of themanure.The selected segment of cattle has a biogas production of 33.525 m3=year for 100 headof cattle and 167.626 m3=year for 500 head of cattle. The installed capacity of the plants isbetween 9 and 47 KW, with an investment of 16.139 and 53.016 USD respectively.The average economic indicators (considering three energy scenarios), with a discountrate of 10% and a 20-year evaluation period for each of these plants are: NPV of US $19.930, TIR of 23% and Payback of 6 years for the plant with 100 livestock and NPV of US $ 140.759, 37% TIR and Payback of 4 years for the plant with 500 livestock.
Increasing demand for energy, depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution isforcing government agencies to look for new strategies to generate energy from new sourcesand technologies. In this context, renewable energy is presented as a good alternative tosolve this problem. Biogas generated through anaerobic digestion from organic waste is asustainable and renewable energy source that contributes to energy savings and reducesenvironmental damage. Animal manure obtained from breeding and fattening farms is arelevant source for biogas production.The objective of this work is to present the current potential of biogas productionin Chile from animal manure (cattle, swine and poultry) and to carry out the economicevaluation of a biogas plant for the segment of producers that have a stocking densityof Between 100 and 500 head of cattle. The findings of this study indicated that biogaspotential of 1.106,1 million m3=year could be produced from animal waste in Chile whichcould provide an electricity generation of 2.521.895 MWh/ year and corresponds to 320MW of installed capacity from this source. The main production of biogas comes frompoultry (78,9 %), followed by pigs and cattle (15,5 and 5,6% respectively).In terms ofspatial distribution over the territory, biogas production is highly concentrated in tworegions (O’Higgins and Metropolitana), with 88,6% of the national total. This is mainlydue to the high concentration of poultry resources in these regions, as a result of the locationof the poultry industry, which makes it possible to obtain high coecients of availability ofthe resource. The bovine cattle presents displays low availability of the resource due to thelow confinement of livestock at national level which makes dicult the collection of themanure.The selected segment of cattle has a biogas production of 33.525 m3=year for 100 headof cattle and 167.626 m3=year for 500 head of cattle. The installed capacity of the plants isbetween 9 and 47 KW, with an investment of 16.139 and 53.016 USD respectively.The average economic indicators (considering three energy scenarios), with a discountrate of 10% and a 20-year evaluation period for each of these plants are: NPV of US $19.930, TIR of 23% and Payback of 6 years for the plant with 100 livestock and NPV of US $ 140.759, 37% TIR and Payback of 4 years for the plant with 500 livestock.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
BIOGAS , BIOMASA , ENERGIAS RENOVABLES , ESTIERCOL ANIMAL , USO EFICIENTE DE RECURSOS