Publication: EVALUACIÓN TÉCNICO Y ECONÓMICA DE LA APLICACIÓN DE LA TECNOLOGÍA DE GASIFICACIÓN DE CARBÓN Y BIOMASA UTILIZANDO ENERGÍA SOLAR EN UNA CENTRAL TERMOELÉCTRICA DE PEQUEÑA ESCALA
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Date
2018
Authors
PLAZA VERGARA, NORMA
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Abstract
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una evaluación técnica y económica de la tecnología de gasificación de carbón y biomasa utilizando energía solar concentrada para la producción de energía eléctrica en una central de pequeña escala. Se considera el proceso de co-combustión de la mezcla de gas de síntesis producido con carbón o biomasa en la caldera de la central termoeléctrica, según corresponda.
Se definen los conceptos generales asociados a la gasificación convencional y a la gasificación solar, identificando el conocimiento y las experiencias que se han realizado a nivel nacional e internacional en este tipo de tecnologías.
Para los casos de estudio se seleccionan dos centrales termoeléctricas, una de carbón y otra de biomasa, en consideración de las condiciones de radiación solar y potencia instalada. Para el análisis de la gasificación solar de carbón se selecciona la Unidad 13 de la Central Termoeléctrica ubicada en Tocopilla, en la región de Antofagasta, y para la gasificación solar de biomasa la Central Termoeléctrica ubicada en Mostazal, en la región del Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins.
Para la evaluación técnica de cada una de las centrales se dimensionan plantas solares para tres escenarios, que consideran un aporte energético del gas de síntesis del 5, 10 y 20% en el proceso de co-combustión en la caldera. En base a estos aportes energéticos se propone el diseño de campos de concentración solar con la definición de la cantidad de heliostatos y área respectiva.
Para el análisis económico se utiliza la metodología de evaluación privada de proyectos determinando ingresos, costos, impuestos, indicadores y análisis de riesgo. Además, se realiza una evaluación ambiental y social del proyecto.
Las evaluaciones económicas de los escenarios rentables corresponden a un aporte energético del 5% y 10% para la central termoeléctrica de carbón, obteniendo rentabilidades de 10,7 MM US$ y 5,5 MM US$ respectivamente y para el caso de la central termoeléctrica de biomasa, todos los escenarios presentan rentabilidades negativas.
Finalmente, al realizar el análisis de riesgo se puede observar que el proyecto elegido, cuya rentabilidad es de 10,7 MM US$ obtendría resultados positivos con un 90% de probabilidad. Sin embargo, se debe tener presente que el nivel de desarrollo de la tecnología de gasificación solar se encuentra a nivel experimental y no ha alcanzado la madures que le permita en estos momentos un desarrollo industrial.
The goal of this work is to perform a technical and economic evaluation of the coal and biomass gasification technology using concentrated solar power for the production of electrical energy in a small-scale power plant. The process of co-combustion of the mixture of synthesis gas produced with coal or biomass in the boiler of the thermoelectrical power plant is considered as appropriate. General concepts associated with conventional gasification and solar gasification are defined identifying the knowledge and the experiences already performed at a national and international level on this kind of technologies. For the case studies, two thermoelectrical power stations were chosen - a coal and a biomass - according to their solar radiation conditions and installed power. Unit 13 of the Themoelectrical Power Station located in Tocopilla in the Antofagasta´s Region was chosen for the assessment of solar gasification of coal and the Thermoelectrical Power Station located in Mostazal in the Lib. Gral. Bernardo O'Higgins´ Region was chosen for the solar gasification of biomass. For the technical evaluation of each one of the stations, solar plants were measured for three scenarios which consider an energetic input of synthesis gas of 5, 10 and 20% in the process of co-combustion in the boiler. Based on these energetic inputs, it is suggested the design of fields of concentrating solar power, also defining the quantity of heliostats and the respective area. For the economic analysis, the private project evaluation methodology is used specifying incomes, costs, taxes, indicators and risk analysis. In addition, an environmental and social assessment of the project is performed. The economic evaluations of the profitable scenarios correspond to an energy contribution of 5% and 10% for the coal-fired power plant, obtaining returns of 10.7 MM US$ and 5.5 MM US$ respectively, and in the case of the biomass thermoelectric plant, all the scenarios present negative returns. To bring to an end, when performing the risk analysis, it can be seen that chosen project, whose profitability is 10.7 MM US$, it would have positive results with a 90% probability. However, it must be borne in mind that the level of development of solar gasification technology is at an experimental level and has not reached the level of maturity that would allow industrial development at this time.
The goal of this work is to perform a technical and economic evaluation of the coal and biomass gasification technology using concentrated solar power for the production of electrical energy in a small-scale power plant. The process of co-combustion of the mixture of synthesis gas produced with coal or biomass in the boiler of the thermoelectrical power plant is considered as appropriate. General concepts associated with conventional gasification and solar gasification are defined identifying the knowledge and the experiences already performed at a national and international level on this kind of technologies. For the case studies, two thermoelectrical power stations were chosen - a coal and a biomass - according to their solar radiation conditions and installed power. Unit 13 of the Themoelectrical Power Station located in Tocopilla in the Antofagasta´s Region was chosen for the assessment of solar gasification of coal and the Thermoelectrical Power Station located in Mostazal in the Lib. Gral. Bernardo O'Higgins´ Region was chosen for the solar gasification of biomass. For the technical evaluation of each one of the stations, solar plants were measured for three scenarios which consider an energetic input of synthesis gas of 5, 10 and 20% in the process of co-combustion in the boiler. Based on these energetic inputs, it is suggested the design of fields of concentrating solar power, also defining the quantity of heliostats and the respective area. For the economic analysis, the private project evaluation methodology is used specifying incomes, costs, taxes, indicators and risk analysis. In addition, an environmental and social assessment of the project is performed. The economic evaluations of the profitable scenarios correspond to an energy contribution of 5% and 10% for the coal-fired power plant, obtaining returns of 10.7 MM US$ and 5.5 MM US$ respectively, and in the case of the biomass thermoelectric plant, all the scenarios present negative returns. To bring to an end, when performing the risk analysis, it can be seen that chosen project, whose profitability is 10.7 MM US$, it would have positive results with a 90% probability. However, it must be borne in mind that the level of development of solar gasification technology is at an experimental level and has not reached the level of maturity that would allow industrial development at this time.
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Keywords
GAS DE SINTESIS , GASIFICACION SOLAR , CO-COMBUSTION