Publication: PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS DE MADERA DE PINO RADIATA AFECTADA POR INCENDIO FORESTAL
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Date
2019
Authors
GONZÁLEZ GALLEGUILLOS, FRANCISCO ANDRES
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Abstract
En Chile, regularmente se producen incendios que afectan a los bosques de nuestro país, este tipo de bosques, pueden ser parques o reservas naturales, o bien terrenos privados como campos de plantaciones industriales destinadas a la producción de madera, con frecuencia este de tipo de catástrofes se producen en temporadas de verano cuando las temperaturas son más altas.
Cuando un incendio afecta a un bosque del tipo parque o reserva natural, generalmente se sigue un protocolo de combate, reconocimiento, evaluación, ataque inicial, control, liquidación y finalmente la guardia de cenizas, dependiendo del diámetro o magnitud del incendio habrá diferencias, pero el procedimiento es el mismo. Inexorablemente los arboles de estos bosques morirán y renacerán otra vez en el mismo lugar después de un periodo de 3 a 5 años, pero cuando el bosque tiene como finalidad la producción industrial que por lo general abastece a un aserradero, lo que sucede es que, dependiendo del diámetro de los árboles quemados es el destino que tendrán, si este es grueso se procesa igual que un árbol sano y se corta en piezas para vender a menor costo, esto solo asumiendo que las propiedades mecánicas de la madera no fueron afectadas, y si es delgado se extrae del bosque y se usa como leña, por lo que el fuego claramente pasa a ser un enemigo de las finanzas de estas empresas.
A principios del año 2017 (Enero – Febrero), hubo una serie de incendios forestales generados en múltiples focos de las zonas centro y sur de Chile, entre las regiones más afectadas aparecen las de O’Higgins, Maule y Biobío, con estos antecedentes, la finalidad de la investigación, es realizar una comparación de probetas de árboles de Pino Radiata que fueron afectados por el fuego en distintas intensidades, para determinar si las propiedades mecánicas estudiadas en la madera de estas probetas fueron afectadas por el fuego y en que magnitud.
Los diámetros de los arboles estudiados variaban entre los 18 y 27 [cm], luego las probetas extraídas se clasificaron en tres niveles de quemadura, los cuales dependen de la intensidad con la que el fuego afecto al árbol del cual proviene cada probeta, y las intensidades son; alta, media y baja. Se realizaron 5 ensayos distintos, los cuales serán; a la flexión estática, a la compresión axial, a la compresión perpendicular a las fibras, a la tracción y esfuerzos de cizalle, todos estos estos basados en dos tipos de normas, la europea (UNE) y la chilena (NCh), esta combinación de las normas nos va a otorgar un muestreo más grande, dando un porcentaje de confiabilidad mayor a la investigación.
Finalmente, los resultados demostraron que las propiedades mecánicas de la madera que es afectada por el fuego si sufre cambios, en la mayoría de los casos negativos, sobre todo en las propiedades más importantes que son la de flexión estática y compresión axial, por lo que es totalmente justificado que las maderas afectadas por el fuego se vendan a menor precio o simplemente se utilice como leña.
In Chile, fires that affect the forests of our country are regularly produced, these types of forests can be parks or natural reserves, or private lands such as industrial plantation fields destined for the production of wood, often this type of forest. Catastrophes occur in summer seasons when temperatures are higher. When a fire affects a forest of the park type or natural reserve, generally a protocol of combat, reconnaissance, evaluation, initial attack, control, liquidation and finally the guard of ashes is followed, depending on the diameter or magnitude of the fire there will be differences, but the procedure is the same. Inexorably the trees of these forests will die and will be reborn again in the same place after a period of 3 to 5 years, but when the forest has as its purpose the industrial production that usually supplies a sawmill, what happens is that, depending on the diameter of the burned trees is the destination they will have, if it is thick it is processed just like a healthy tree and cut into pieces to sell at lower cost, this only assuming that the mechanical properties of the wood were not affected, and if it is thin it is extracted from the forest and used as firewood, so the fire clearly becomes an enemy of the finances of these companies. At the beginning of the year 2017 (January - February), there was a series of forest fires generated in multiple foci of the central and southern areas of Chile, among the most affected regions are those of O'Higgins, Maule and Biobío, with this background, The purpose of the research is to make a comparison of specimens of Radiata Pine trees that were affected by the fire in different intensities, to determine if the mechanical properties studied in the wood of these specimens were affected by the fire and in what magnitude. The diameters of the trees studied varied between 18 and 27 [cm], then the extracted specimens were classified into three levels of burn, which depend on the intensity with which the fire affected the tree from which each specimen comes, and the intensities are; high, medium and low. There were 5 different tests, which will be; to static bending, to axial compression, to compression perpendicular to fibers, to tensile and shear stress, all these based on two types of standards, the European (UNE) and the Chilean (NCh), this combination of the standards will give us a larger sample, giving a higher percentage of reliability to the investigation. Finally, the results showed that the mechanical properties of the wood that is affected by the fire if it undergoes changes, in most of the negative cases, especially in the most important properties that are the static bending and axial compression, so it is totally justified that the wood affected by fire be sold at a lower price or simply used as firewood.
In Chile, fires that affect the forests of our country are regularly produced, these types of forests can be parks or natural reserves, or private lands such as industrial plantation fields destined for the production of wood, often this type of forest. Catastrophes occur in summer seasons when temperatures are higher. When a fire affects a forest of the park type or natural reserve, generally a protocol of combat, reconnaissance, evaluation, initial attack, control, liquidation and finally the guard of ashes is followed, depending on the diameter or magnitude of the fire there will be differences, but the procedure is the same. Inexorably the trees of these forests will die and will be reborn again in the same place after a period of 3 to 5 years, but when the forest has as its purpose the industrial production that usually supplies a sawmill, what happens is that, depending on the diameter of the burned trees is the destination they will have, if it is thick it is processed just like a healthy tree and cut into pieces to sell at lower cost, this only assuming that the mechanical properties of the wood were not affected, and if it is thin it is extracted from the forest and used as firewood, so the fire clearly becomes an enemy of the finances of these companies. At the beginning of the year 2017 (January - February), there was a series of forest fires generated in multiple foci of the central and southern areas of Chile, among the most affected regions are those of O'Higgins, Maule and Biobío, with this background, The purpose of the research is to make a comparison of specimens of Radiata Pine trees that were affected by the fire in different intensities, to determine if the mechanical properties studied in the wood of these specimens were affected by the fire and in what magnitude. The diameters of the trees studied varied between 18 and 27 [cm], then the extracted specimens were classified into three levels of burn, which depend on the intensity with which the fire affected the tree from which each specimen comes, and the intensities are; high, medium and low. There were 5 different tests, which will be; to static bending, to axial compression, to compression perpendicular to fibers, to tensile and shear stress, all these based on two types of standards, the European (UNE) and the Chilean (NCh), this combination of the standards will give us a larger sample, giving a higher percentage of reliability to the investigation. Finally, the results showed that the mechanical properties of the wood that is affected by the fire if it undergoes changes, in most of the negative cases, especially in the most important properties that are the static bending and axial compression, so it is totally justified that the wood affected by fire be sold at a lower price or simply used as firewood.
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Keywords
PINO RADIATA , INCENDIO FORESTAL , PROPIEDADES MECANICAS