Thesis INFLUENCIA DE LA BRECHA SALARIAL ENTRE MUJERES Y HOMBRES COMO MOTIVACIÓN PARA QUE UNA MUJER EMPRENDA EN CHILE
Date
2018
Authors
QUINTEROS MANZOR, PAULINA VALERIA
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Abstract
En el último tiempo la comunidad internacional ha puesto la equidad y el respeto por losderechos humanos como uno de los temas principales a ser abordados por los países,recomendando desarrollar acciones concretas para superar las desigualdades ydiscriminaciones de todo tipo. En este contexto, la equidad de género ha pasado a ser unobjetivo ineludible de las democracias modernas.En el último estudio realizado en 2012 sobre la búsqueda de la igualdad de género (OECD),los países de la OECD identificaron las tres cuestiones más importantes de desigualdad degénero: la violencia contra las mujeres; la persistente disparidad salarial entre los géneros;y la distribución desigual del trabajo no remunerado.Si bien las raíces de la discriminación son diversas y complejas y van más allá de los límitesde la economía ya que tienen que ver más con prejuicios; se ha planteado que haydiscriminación económica contra las mujeres cuando éstas, teniendo “la misma capacidad,nivel de estudios, formación y experiencia que los varones, reciben un trato inferior en lacontratación, el acceso a una ocupación, los ascensos, el salario o las condiciones detrabajo” (McConnell, 2007).Las mujeres jóvenes de los países de la OECD y América Latina tienen más años de educaciónque los hombres jóvenes, en promedio, pero una menor probabilidad de conseguir untrabajo remunerado. Las brechas de género aumentan con la edad, ya que la maternidadsuele tener efectos negativos sobre la remuneración de las mujeres y su promociónprofesional.En el caso de Chile, diversos estudios muestran que existe una brecha salarial entrehombres y mujeres que no sienta sus bases en productividad y que sólo se podría explicarpor la discriminación de género o discriminación económica contra mujeres, siendoconstituida principalmente por un subpago que castiga a éstas en un 15% en promedio;pero llegando a más del 110% en alguna ocupaciones.En todos los países de la OECD aún persiste una desventaja económica de las mujeresrespecto de los hombres, incluso en los países industrializados. A pesar de que Chile aprobóen 2009 la Ley N° 20.348 que resguarda el derecho a la igualdad de remuneraciones entrehombres y mujeres, se sigue observando que todavía existen brechas salariales entre sexosen todos los sectores económicos y productivos.Por otro lado, los estudios muestran que en 20 años más, el 50% de las empresasaproximadamente, y los trabajos asalariados que tenemos y como los conocemos hoy, novan a existir, por eso la tarea es formar a aquellas personas que van a crear las empresasdel futuro resultando sumamente importante fomentar el emprendimiento en nuestro país,ya que será el motor de crecimiento para la economía de las nuevas generaciones.El porcentaje de mujeres emprendedoras es inferior al porcentaje de hombres que estáninvolucrados en emprendimientos, lo que habla de la persistencia de la brecha de género, también en este ámbito, tanto en Chile como a nivel internacional. Según la última EME2015 (Encuesta de Micro Emprendimiento) solo un 38,1% corresponde a emprendimientosfemeninos; y de estos negocios, el 50% funcionan dentro de la vivienda, cifra que se reducea 16,2% en el caso de los que cuentan con hombres como propietarios. También se tieneque aquellos pertenecientes a hombres operan en su mayoría a tiempo completo, mientraslos de propiedad de mujeres funcionan a media jornada o pocas horas a la semana.Chile sigue destacando entre los países de la OECD como la economía que presenta la mayorprevalencia de personas adultas que se declaran emprendedoras. Entre todos los paísesparticipantes del GEM 2016, Chile es el séptimo país con mayor intención de emprender(48%), si se considera al total de la población adulta.Las motivaciones para comenzar un negocio son de índole muy diversa y el espírituemprendedor es de base común. Sin embargo, las mujeres se ven enfrentadas a mayoresobstáculos a la hora de emprender: falta de capital o dificultades en el acceso a éste, faltade entrenamiento y capacitación, menor acceso a oportunidades y generalmente lasmujeres desempeñan roles y responsabilidades en sus casas que los hombres no tienen. Entérminos del tipo de motivación para el emprendimiento en Chile, el 75% de los hombresdeclara emprender por oportunidad, cifra menor respecto de las mujeres, pues sólo el57,2% declara que su emprendimiento fue por oportunidad.Dentro de los factores condicionantes o influyentes, conocidos hasta ahora, para que unamujer decida emprender en Chile se encuentran factores tales como financiamiento,políticas gubernamentales de apoyo, formación, redes sociales o de contacto, percepciónde habilidades y rol familiar, entre otras. Según Jeanne Halladay (2002), la motivaciónuniversal que impulsa a una mujer a comenzar un negocio es la necesidad de generaringresos. Si una mujer tuviera las mismas oportunidades de obtener la misma cantidad dedinero que un hombre en la misma posición de trabajo, esta motivación sería menor.Luego de realizar una encuesta para este estudio y su posterior análisis, se evidenció ycaracterizó a la mujer emprendedora chilena, las cuales en su gran mayoría, poseenestudios superiores y con más del 50% siendo la principal fuente de ingresos o aportandode igual manera que su conviviente en el hogar. En la muestra estudiada destacan lasmujeres con carrera profesional completa sin hijos, representando al 23,1% del total.Se evidenciaron las principales limitaciones de las mujeres emprendedoras de nuestro paísy en general, la principal dificultad a la cual se han visto enfrentadas ha sido el poderencontrar nuevos clientes para su negocio. La principal limitación económica ha sido ladificultad de acceder a financiamiento ya sea a través de entidades bancarias o programasdel Estado y fue catalogada también dentro de las principales características negativas deformar un emprendimiento. La principal limitación social y cultural a la cual se venenfrentadas las mujeres es a la segregación horizontal del mercado, la cual ayuda amantener los estereotipos de género relacionados con los roles apropiados para lasmujeres. Lo cual se ve muy bien reflejado como una de las principales dificultades planteadas por las mujeres emprendedoras que deben destinar mucho más tiempo que suspares hombres al cuidado de familiares y/o hijas(os) y a los quehaceres del hogar.El 67% de las encuestadas trabajó como dependiente previamente al emprendimiento, sibien, de éstas un 49% reconoce que sus ingresos como asalariada eran inferiores a los desus pares hombres, este factor brecha salarial que existe entre hombres y mujeres ennuestro país no es un influyente o motivacional para decidir comenzar un emprendimiento;como sí lo son otros factores como desear ser su propia jefa, trabajar en o desde el hogar yser dueñas de su tiempo y así poder distribuirlo a su manera para poder hacer frente a losquehaceres del hogar y al cuidado de las(os) hijas(os) y/o familiares. Este último factor quese entre mezcla como una motivación y a la vez una dificultad, debido que es un rol aúnsólo asociado a las mujeres, por lo cual es motivador cuando se decide emprender, ya quese tendrá más tiempo para ellos, pero a su vez, cuando ya se tiene el emprendimiento, restatiempo valioso para poder hacer crecer el negocio y dedicarle dicho tiempo a la búsquedade nuevos clientes, capacitaciones, potenciar el producto o servicio, entre tantas otraslabores que exige ser dueña de un negocio.
Lately, the international community has set equality and respect for human rights as one ofthe main themes to be addressed by the countries, recommending that concrete actions bedeveloped to overcome inequalities and discriminations of all kinds. In this context, genderequality has become an unavoidable goal in modern democracies.In the last study done in 2012 about the search for gender equality (OECD), OECD countriesidentified the three most important questions of gender equality: violence against women,persistent wage disparity between genders, and the unequal distribution of unpaid labor.Although the roots of discrimination are diverse and complex, and go beyond the limits ofeconomy, having more to do with prejudice; it has been proposed that there is economicdiscrimination against women when these, having “the same capability, level of education,training, and experience as men, receive an inferior treatment at the time of hiring, theaccess to employment, raises, salaries, or work conditions” (McConnell, 2007).Young women in OECD countries and in Latin America have more years of education thanyoung men, on average, but a lower probability of obtaining a paid job. The gender gapswiden with age, since maternity tends to have negative effects on women’s wages andprofessional promotions.In the case of Chile, various studies show that there is a wage gap between men and womenthat is not based on productivity and that can only be explained by gender discriminationor economic discrimination against women, consisting mainly of underpayment thatpunishes them 15%, on average, but reaching more than 110% in some jobs.In all OECD countries, women have a persistent economic disadvantage compared to men,even in industrialized countries. Even though Chile approved, in 2009, Law 20,348 thatprotects the right to equal wages between men and women, there are still wage gapsbetween sexes in all economic and productive sectors.On the other hand, studies show that in 20 more years, approximately 50% of companies,and paid jobs that we have as we know them today, will not exist, which is why the task isto train the people who will create future companies, making it very important to encourageentrepreneurship in our nation, since it will be the engine of growth for the economy offuture generations.The percentage of women entrepreneurs is lower than the percentage of men involved innew businesses, which speaks to the persistence of the gender gap, in this area as well, inChile and internationally. According to the latest EME, 2015 (Survey of Microbusiness, forits initials in Spanish) a mere 38.1% is female entrepreneurship; and of these businesses,50% are operated from the home, this number goes down to 16.2% for businesses that have men as their owners. In addition, those which belong to men operate, for the most part,full-time, while those which are under ownership of women are part-time or just a fewhours a week.Chile continues to stand out among the OECD countries as the economy with the highestprevalence of adults who claim to be entrepreneurs. Of all the countries that participatedin GEM 2016, Chile is in 7th place for the highest intention to start a business (48%), whenconsidering the entire adult population.The reasons for starting a business are very diverse in character, and the entrepreneurialspirit is the common factor. However, the women are confronted with more hurdles whenit comes to starting a business: lack of capital o difficulties in access to capital, lack oftraining and preparation, reduced access to opportunities and, generally, women assumevarious roles and responsibilities in their homes, which men do not have. In terms of thekind of motivation for entrepreneurship in Chile, 75% of men indicate that they started abusiness because of an opportunity, a number that, when it comes to women, only 57.2%indicate that they did so due to an opportunity.Among the conditioning or influencing factors, known at present, that lead to a womandeciding to start a business in Chile are factors like financing, policies offering public aid,training, social networking and contacts, perception of abilities, and family roles, amongothers. According to Jeanne Halladay (2002), the universal motivation that drives womento start a business is the need to generate income. If a woman had the same opportunitiesto obtain the same amount of money that a man in the same work could make, thismotivation would diminish.After conducting a poll for this study and after its analysis, Chilean women entrepreneurswere shown to have certain characteristics; in the vast majority, they had been in highereducation and more than 50% were the primary source of income or contributed to thehousehold income equal to their partner. In the study sample, women who have completeda professional degree and have no children stand out, representing 23.1% of the total.The primary limitations evidenced among women entrepreneurs in our nation, and ingeneral, the primary difficulty that they had confronted was the ability to find new clientsfor their business. The primary economic limitation has been the difficulty of accessingfinancing whether it be through banking entities or state programs and was also registeredas among the primary negative features of forming a new business. The primary social andcultural limitation with which women are faced is the horizontal segregation of the market,which has helped maintain gender stereotypes related to appropriate women’s roles. Allthis is well reflected in one of the primary difficulties presented by women entrepreneurs,that they had to dedicate far more time to the care of family and/or children and householdchores than their male counterparts.67% of the women polled worked as an employee prior to starting the new business,although 49% of these indicate that their income as a salaried employee was inferior to thatof their male counterparts, this gender pay gap factor that exists between men and womenin our nation is not an influencing or motivational factor for deciding to start a new business;as are other factors like wishing to be their own boss, work in or from the house, and takingownership of their time, thus distributing their time as they wished to face the householdchores and the care of children and/or other family members. This latter factor is both amotivation and, at the same time, a difficulty, since it is a role still solely associated withwomen, for which reason, when she decides to become an entrepreneur, because she willthus have more time for them, while at the same time, when the woman has started thebusiness, it takes valuable time away needed to make the business grow and to dedicate tothe search for new clients, training, strengthening of the product or service, among manyother labors that being the owner of a business requires.
Lately, the international community has set equality and respect for human rights as one ofthe main themes to be addressed by the countries, recommending that concrete actions bedeveloped to overcome inequalities and discriminations of all kinds. In this context, genderequality has become an unavoidable goal in modern democracies.In the last study done in 2012 about the search for gender equality (OECD), OECD countriesidentified the three most important questions of gender equality: violence against women,persistent wage disparity between genders, and the unequal distribution of unpaid labor.Although the roots of discrimination are diverse and complex, and go beyond the limits ofeconomy, having more to do with prejudice; it has been proposed that there is economicdiscrimination against women when these, having “the same capability, level of education,training, and experience as men, receive an inferior treatment at the time of hiring, theaccess to employment, raises, salaries, or work conditions” (McConnell, 2007).Young women in OECD countries and in Latin America have more years of education thanyoung men, on average, but a lower probability of obtaining a paid job. The gender gapswiden with age, since maternity tends to have negative effects on women’s wages andprofessional promotions.In the case of Chile, various studies show that there is a wage gap between men and womenthat is not based on productivity and that can only be explained by gender discriminationor economic discrimination against women, consisting mainly of underpayment thatpunishes them 15%, on average, but reaching more than 110% in some jobs.In all OECD countries, women have a persistent economic disadvantage compared to men,even in industrialized countries. Even though Chile approved, in 2009, Law 20,348 thatprotects the right to equal wages between men and women, there are still wage gapsbetween sexes in all economic and productive sectors.On the other hand, studies show that in 20 more years, approximately 50% of companies,and paid jobs that we have as we know them today, will not exist, which is why the task isto train the people who will create future companies, making it very important to encourageentrepreneurship in our nation, since it will be the engine of growth for the economy offuture generations.The percentage of women entrepreneurs is lower than the percentage of men involved innew businesses, which speaks to the persistence of the gender gap, in this area as well, inChile and internationally. According to the latest EME, 2015 (Survey of Microbusiness, forits initials in Spanish) a mere 38.1% is female entrepreneurship; and of these businesses,50% are operated from the home, this number goes down to 16.2% for businesses that have men as their owners. In addition, those which belong to men operate, for the most part,full-time, while those which are under ownership of women are part-time or just a fewhours a week.Chile continues to stand out among the OECD countries as the economy with the highestprevalence of adults who claim to be entrepreneurs. Of all the countries that participatedin GEM 2016, Chile is in 7th place for the highest intention to start a business (48%), whenconsidering the entire adult population.The reasons for starting a business are very diverse in character, and the entrepreneurialspirit is the common factor. However, the women are confronted with more hurdles whenit comes to starting a business: lack of capital o difficulties in access to capital, lack oftraining and preparation, reduced access to opportunities and, generally, women assumevarious roles and responsibilities in their homes, which men do not have. In terms of thekind of motivation for entrepreneurship in Chile, 75% of men indicate that they started abusiness because of an opportunity, a number that, when it comes to women, only 57.2%indicate that they did so due to an opportunity.Among the conditioning or influencing factors, known at present, that lead to a womandeciding to start a business in Chile are factors like financing, policies offering public aid,training, social networking and contacts, perception of abilities, and family roles, amongothers. According to Jeanne Halladay (2002), the universal motivation that drives womento start a business is the need to generate income. If a woman had the same opportunitiesto obtain the same amount of money that a man in the same work could make, thismotivation would diminish.After conducting a poll for this study and after its analysis, Chilean women entrepreneurswere shown to have certain characteristics; in the vast majority, they had been in highereducation and more than 50% were the primary source of income or contributed to thehousehold income equal to their partner. In the study sample, women who have completeda professional degree and have no children stand out, representing 23.1% of the total.The primary limitations evidenced among women entrepreneurs in our nation, and ingeneral, the primary difficulty that they had confronted was the ability to find new clientsfor their business. The primary economic limitation has been the difficulty of accessingfinancing whether it be through banking entities or state programs and was also registeredas among the primary negative features of forming a new business. The primary social andcultural limitation with which women are faced is the horizontal segregation of the market,which has helped maintain gender stereotypes related to appropriate women’s roles. Allthis is well reflected in one of the primary difficulties presented by women entrepreneurs,that they had to dedicate far more time to the care of family and/or children and householdchores than their male counterparts.67% of the women polled worked as an employee prior to starting the new business,although 49% of these indicate that their income as a salaried employee was inferior to thatof their male counterparts, this gender pay gap factor that exists between men and womenin our nation is not an influencing or motivational factor for deciding to start a new business;as are other factors like wishing to be their own boss, work in or from the house, and takingownership of their time, thus distributing their time as they wished to face the householdchores and the care of children and/or other family members. This latter factor is both amotivation and, at the same time, a difficulty, since it is a role still solely associated withwomen, for which reason, when she decides to become an entrepreneur, because she willthus have more time for them, while at the same time, when the woman has started thebusiness, it takes valuable time away needed to make the business grow and to dedicate tothe search for new clients, training, strengthening of the product or service, among manyother labors that being the owner of a business requires.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
BRECHA SALARIAL , EMPRENDIMIENTO FEMENINO , EQUIDAD DE GENERO