Thesis ESTUDIO DE LA FACTIBILIDAD TÉCNICA EN LA UTILIZACIÓN DE HIDRÓGENO COMO FUENTE ENERGÉTICA EN TRANSPORTE TERRESTRE NACIONAL
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Date
2021-01
Authors
MANCILLA COFRÉ, MARÍA JESÚS
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Abstract
El siguiente documento presenta el desarrollo del estudio de factibilidad técnica en la utilización de hidrógeno como fuente de potencia en el transporte terrestre nacional, específicamente en buses urbanos de movilidad pública. Lo anterior se realizó con el fin de demostrar que el uso de este combustible es una solución y un pilar fundamental a contemplar en la transición energética del país hacia la descarbonización de la matriz. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, en primer lugar, se hizo una revisión del contexto previo y actual de la tecnología, junto con la proyección esperada en el mediano y largo plazo para su despliegue a gran escala a nivel mundial y local. Sumado a ello, se consideró como eje central el estudio bibliográfico internacional debido a que el uso de celdas de combustible es aún una tecnología inmadura en Chile. A partir de esto se pudo hacer una descripción completa del principio de funcionamiento técnico de los vehículos, los dispositivos que los componen, la infraestructura de recarga necesaria para su operación, y los sistemas de seguridad precisados para un uso óptimo. En segundo lugar, mediante el análisis de actores impulsores de la electromovilidad y el uso del hidrógeno como vector energético en Chile, se determinó que la utilización de celdas de combustible en los buses urbanos del sistema público para Santiago podría ser una potencial solución ante el objetivo de electrificar la flota completa de esta categoría vehicular para el año 2040. Posteriormente, se efectúo un estudio de caso para Santiago en el que se simuló el ingreso paulatino, con una fase de baja escala y otra a gran escala, de una flota de buses de celdas de combustible al sistema de transporte público, a través de la homologación de la operación actual de los buses eléctricos de batería. A partir de esto se determinó la demanda diaria de hidrógeno por la flota final, correspondiente a 9.000 [kgH2], el tiempo destinado a la recarga de cada bus, con un promedio de 15 [min], el requerimiento eléctrico estimado de 455 [MWh/día] y un consumo de 85.000 [Lagua/día] para la producción del combustible en el mismo sitio de aparcamiento de los vehículos. Por último, se calculó el costo nivelado del hidrógeno para cada fase del proyecto, resultando un valor de 5,46 [€/kg H2] para la fase 1 y 5,64 [€/kg H2] para la fase 2. Estos resultados representan una referencia importante para futuros proyectos de la misma índole, que por lo demás, son muy similares a los valores encontrados en proyectos europeos enfocados al transporte urbano público.
Finalmente, se proyectó la demanda de hidrógeno verde para el año 2050 solicitada específicamente por transporte vial público, considerando que en dicho año la flota será completamente eléctrica y que el 40% de los buses utilizará celdas de combustible como fuente de potencia, obteniendo un valor de 70 [tonH2/día]. Del mismo modo, se proyectó el costo de suministro del hidrógeno, el cual depende directamente del costo de la electricidad renovable y que se espera tenga una reducción del 52% para la zona centro del país y, por consecuencia el comportamiento del combustible verde debiese disminuir en la misma proporción.
The following document presents the development from the technical feasibility research in the use of hydrogen as a source of power in national land transport, specifically in urban buses of public movility. This was done in order to demonstrate that the use of this fuel is a solution and a fundamental pillar to consider in the country's energy transition towards decarbonization of the matrix. To carry out the research, in first place, a review was made of the previous and current context of the technology, along with the expected projection in the medium and long term for its large-scale deployment at the global and local levels. In addition to this, the international bibliographic study was considered as the central axis due to the use of fuel cells stills considerers as an immature technology in Chile. According to this, a complete description of the technical operating principle of the vehicles, the devices that compose them, the recharging infrastructure necessary for their operation, and the security systems required for optimal use could be made. On second place, by analyzing the driving forces behind electromobility and the use of hydrogen as an vector energy in Chile, it was determined that the use of fuel cells in the urban buses of the public system for Santiago could be a potential solution to the objective to electrify the entire fleet of this vehicle category by 2040. Subsequently, a case study was carried out for Santiago in which the gradual entry, with a low-scale phase and another on a large scale, of a fleet of fuel cells buses to the public transport system was simulated, through the homologation of the current operation of battery electric buses. From this, the daily hydrogen demand for the final fleet was determined, corresponding to 9,000 [kg H2], the time allocated to recharging each bus, with an average of 15 [min], the estimated electrical requirement of 455 [MWh / day] and a consumption of 85,000 [Lwater / day] for the production of fuel in the same parking place for the vehicles. Finally, the level cost of hydrogen was calculated for each phase of the project, resulting in a value of 5.46 [€ / (kg H2)]for phase 1 and 5.64 [€ / (kg H2)] for phase 2. These results represent an important reference for future projects of the same nature, which are otherwise very similar to the values found in European projects focused on public urban transport. At last, the green hydrogen demand was projected for the year 2050 specifically requested by public road transport, considering that in said year the fleet will be completely electric and that 40% of the buses will use fuel cells as a power source, obtaining a value of 70 [(ton H2 / day]. In the same way, the cost of hydrogen supply was projected, which depends directly on the cost of renewable electricity and is expected to have a reduction of 52% for the central area of the country and, consequently, the behavior of green fuel should decrease in the same proportion.
The following document presents the development from the technical feasibility research in the use of hydrogen as a source of power in national land transport, specifically in urban buses of public movility. This was done in order to demonstrate that the use of this fuel is a solution and a fundamental pillar to consider in the country's energy transition towards decarbonization of the matrix. To carry out the research, in first place, a review was made of the previous and current context of the technology, along with the expected projection in the medium and long term for its large-scale deployment at the global and local levels. In addition to this, the international bibliographic study was considered as the central axis due to the use of fuel cells stills considerers as an immature technology in Chile. According to this, a complete description of the technical operating principle of the vehicles, the devices that compose them, the recharging infrastructure necessary for their operation, and the security systems required for optimal use could be made. On second place, by analyzing the driving forces behind electromobility and the use of hydrogen as an vector energy in Chile, it was determined that the use of fuel cells in the urban buses of the public system for Santiago could be a potential solution to the objective to electrify the entire fleet of this vehicle category by 2040. Subsequently, a case study was carried out for Santiago in which the gradual entry, with a low-scale phase and another on a large scale, of a fleet of fuel cells buses to the public transport system was simulated, through the homologation of the current operation of battery electric buses. From this, the daily hydrogen demand for the final fleet was determined, corresponding to 9,000 [kg H2], the time allocated to recharging each bus, with an average of 15 [min], the estimated electrical requirement of 455 [MWh / day] and a consumption of 85,000 [Lwater / day] for the production of fuel in the same parking place for the vehicles. Finally, the level cost of hydrogen was calculated for each phase of the project, resulting in a value of 5.46 [€ / (kg H2)]for phase 1 and 5.64 [€ / (kg H2)] for phase 2. These results represent an important reference for future projects of the same nature, which are otherwise very similar to the values found in European projects focused on public urban transport. At last, the green hydrogen demand was projected for the year 2050 specifically requested by public road transport, considering that in said year the fleet will be completely electric and that 40% of the buses will use fuel cells as a power source, obtaining a value of 70 [(ton H2 / day]. In the same way, the cost of hydrogen supply was projected, which depends directly on the cost of renewable electricity and is expected to have a reduction of 52% for the central area of the country and, consequently, the behavior of green fuel should decrease in the same proportion.
Description
Keywords
HIDROGENO COMO COMBUSTIBLE , CELDAS DE COMBUSTIBLES , TRANSPORTE URBANO
